Chris Marshall
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| Chris Marshall | ||
| Prime Minister of Australia Member for Forde | ||
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| Term of office 8 October 2007 - present | ||
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| Political party | Liberty and Democracy Party of Australia | |
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| Preceded by | Malcolm Hawke | |
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| Succeeded by | Incumbent | |
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| Born | 18 January 1959 (age 48) | |
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| Spouse | Annita Marshall (née van Iersel) | |
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| Profession | Lawyer, politician | |
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| Religion | Catholicism | |
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| Languages | English, Bahasa Indonesia, French, Mandarin, Cantonese, German | |
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| Other positions |
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Christopher William Marshall (1959- ) is the 26th Prime Minister of Australia.
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[edit] Biography
[edit] Early Life
Marshall was born in Lismore, New South Wales in 1959. He is the son of a public sevant, and has one brother, who owns and operates a security company in Southern New South Wales. Marshall was educated at state schools, and graduated Lismore High School in 1977. He studied law at the Griffith University in Mount Gravatt, Queensland, graduating in 1981. While at university, Marshall became interested in student politics, at first flirting with Young Labor, and then the Young Liberals. In 1981, his last year, he, with a group of Liberals and Labor members at Griffith founded a student branch of the Libery and Democracy Party.
After university, Marshall went into a suburban law practice in Beenleigh, and started a local branch of the LDP, and was its driving force.
[edit] In opposition
Marshall campaigned extensively in 1983, and narrowly lost. An electoral redistribution in 1984 created the seat of Forde, which Marshall won.
After three years on the backbench, Marshall had increased his majority to 62%, making Forde the safest LDP seat in Australia. Marshall was increasingly a driving force behind the party, pushing hard for more free market policies, and heavily attacking the Hayden government in Parliament. Shortly before the 1987 election, the Courier Mail predicted that Marshall would move on to the front bench, and they were proven right. Marshall had campaigned hard in 1987, and after the election was appointed to the relatively senior shadow portfolio of Trade.
Robert Snedden, the Opposition Leader, and leader of the LDP was seen as a moderate, and Marshall believed that his moderation was costing the party votes. In a 1988 party room meeting, Marshall challenged Snedden for the opposition leadership, and lost with 10 votes against Snedden's 25. Marshall was relegated to the backbench.
During 1989, Marshall had reestablished his position in the party and then backed the challenge of the popular conservative Malcolm Hawke against Snedden. Hawke won easily, with 30 votes to Snedden's 5 votes. Marshall was promoted to Shadow Minister of Foreign Affairs. Hawke never explained why Marshall, the man instrumental in Hawke's rise to the leadership, was not made deputy leader, and Shadow Treasurer. It has been speculated that Hawke saw Marshall as a threat due to his 1988 challenge to Snedden.
[edit] As Minister of Foreign Affairs
The 1990 election was a resounding victory for the LDP, and Marshall was commissioned as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He moved Australia into a more independent foreign policy, opening new missions in South East Asia, and reconciliated with Vietnam, and condemned French nuclear tests in the South Pacific and Indonesian repression in East Timor. Although the government never mentioned it, condemning French nuclear tests helped the LDP win two New Zealand byelections (thought in the media they were referred to as the 'Hiroshima and Nagasaki By-elections').
After the Dili Massacre, he withdrew Australia's Ambassador to Indonesia, expelled Indonesia's Embassy (allowing only one Consulate in Perth to remain), and recomending the seizure of all Suharto family assets in Australia. He also labelled the occupation of East Timor as "a barbarous crime, a blight on South East Asia". Marshall's remarks soured Australia's relationship with South East Asia, which has notoriously refused to engage in the types of condemnation of human rights abuse that are common for Western nations. Marshall further recommended withdrawal of recognition of Indonesian soverignty over East Timor, and official maps from then to 1999 showed East Timor as "Occupied East Timor". Marshall even planned to invite Jose Ramos Horta to form a "Government-in-exile", but this was vetoed by Hawke.
Marshall also condemned the Burmese military dictatorship, long before it became fashionable. He championed closer ties with Japan, and Britain.
1990 also saw another important event in Marshall's life, he married former Alitalia hostess Annita van Iersel. The couple have four children, all of whom live at The Lodge.
[edit] As Minister of Defence
Australian Defence Organisation
The 1993 election produced another victory for the LDP, and a move for Marshall, this time to the Defence portfolio. As Minister of Defence, Marshall ordered additonal F-111 aircraft from the US, and initiated key upgrade programs for the F/A-18, P-3C Orion, and F-111. He started a procurement program to replace Australia's aging C-130E transport aircraft, and Macchi MB-326H trainers. Marshall started the outsourcing of some defence functions, and corporatised some defence functions, he was responsible for the creation of Australian Defence Industries.
Marshall also fixed flaws in Labor government defence purchases, Marshall ensured that the ANZAC class frigates were more comprehensively equipped with anti-ship missiles, and surface to air missiles, as well as initiating the acquisition of AEGIS destroyers for the Navy. He started AIR4000, which has replaced RAAF's F/A-18 Hornets with new built Dassault Rafales, and AIR87, which provided the ADF with an attack helicopter capability. He also persuaded the Americans to sell Australia cruise missiles. He started a program to increase the size of the Army, and bring the armies incorporated into the Australian Army in 1988 up to the standards of the mainland's Army, with things ranging from providing F88 Austeyr rifles to replace the Singaporean and American rifles used in Fiji, and the Solomon Islands, and turning Fiji's regular infantry battalion into an Australian parachute battalion. He also initiated a program of dispersing personnel of the new states throughout the defence force. Marshall upgraded New Zealand's P-3K Orions to the same standard as Australian Orions.
In naval field, apart from the acquisition of AEGIS destroyers, Marshall started the acquisition of extra amphibious ships, starting with HMA Ships Kanimbla and Manoora, and on to HMA Ships Canberra, and Wellington. Replacement of the Sea Harrier FRS.1 with the AV-8B Harrier II Plus. The Harrier acquisition was partularly difficult, as the Americans wanted Australia to accept non-radar equipped Harriers from Marine Corps stocks. Marshall pressed for radar-equipped Harriers, and the integration of AMRAAM, and Harpoon, neither interested the Marines, but both were vital to the Royal Australian Navy.
Marshall's legacy as Defence Minister was one of reform. He was regarded as far reaching, and anticipated most of the trends on defence in the region. According to some, defence contractors called him "the ball breaker" due to his tendency to squeeze defence contractors, and ignore governments lobbying on their behalf. For instance, he refused to see the French, British, and American Defence Attaches on the AIR4000 project, saying he, and the department would see only defence contractors. He insisted that to get the contract, Dassault, British Aerospace integrate Harpoon, and ASRAAM at their expense before their proposals would even be evaluated.
[edit] As Treasurer
Between 1990 and 1996, Australia had four Treasurers, each surviving in office for 18 months on average. They had achieved little, and managed to be blamed for most of the problems that came up during the first six years of the Hawke Government. Rumours surfaced during 1995, first in the Courier Mail, and later in The Australian, that Marshall would make a grab for the Prime Ministership. Hawke thought he had achieved what he privately "elevation, aprobation, and castration" by moving Marshall into the Treasury portfolio vacated by Helen Coonan. Marshall however outflanked Hawke in winning the position of Deputy Leader of the LDP, and therefore becoming Deputy Prime Minister as well as Treasurer. Hawke hoped Marshall would find Treasury as impossible as previous Treasurers had, especially since Marshall would at 37 be the youngest Treasurer in history.
Marshall moved into Treasury with a zeal for reform. He had for years been developing a plan for structural change for the economy, and had largely developed the LDP's economic policies over the years. Marshall moved slowly and quietly, his first Budget, brought before the house less than two months after the 1996 election, was conservative in terms of the cuts in spending and taxation it contained. Marshall announced in his budget speech that he would over his term as Treasurer make "fundamental structural changes to the Australian economy". The speech was voted by economists as the best first Budget Speech delivered by a Treasurer.
Marshall's first big move however came in December 1996, when he announced the floating of the Australian Dollar. The only exchange reform the LDP has brought in during its first year in office was handing exchange rate policy over to the Reserve Bank of Australia. On December 8, 1996, the Reserve Bank of Australia closed Australia's money markets, to allow Marshall to formally float the dollar, and to enact the lifting of all exchange controls. The value of the Australian dollar would now be determined by market forces, and not the government via the RBA. The Treasury were strongly against the decision, as was the RBA, however Marshall overruled all opposition, and went ahead with the float.
Months afterwards, the Asian financial crisis hit, and as a result of Marshall's floating of the dollar, Australia came out of the crisis relatively unscathed. The Australian Financial Review said "if Marshall had not floated the dollar, Australia would be a banana republic." Marshall was named "Finance Minister of the Year" by Euromoney mangazine, and the Australian Financial Review called him "The Greatest Treasurer in Australian History".
Marshall's next target was the tariff wall. Although the LDP was a pro-free trade, its approach in the previous six years was to get free trade via foriegn policy. Marshall opposed this approach, which was an irony considering Marshall's position as Foreign Minister for the first three years of the Hawke Government. In the post of Foreign Minister, he argued passionately for free trade, and he took great pains to ensure that the diplomatic corps were furnished with the arguments too, however all he managed was a free trade agreement with Singapore, and Great Britain, two overwhelmingly pro-Australian countries. Marshall took the view that Australia should simply lower its tariffs unilaterally. As Treasurer, he did this one by one so that by 1999, Australia had among the most free trade arrangements in the world.
During the British leg of Prime Minister Hawke's August 1999 European Tour, Hawke became very ill. It later emerged that Hawke had a significant heart condition which had been aggravated by hard drinking, smoking, and years in high office. The incident was described by doctors as a "warning sign", and the Hawke "could very well have died if the Federal Police had not acted so quickly". It was decided that Hawke should not be moved, and Marshall took the post of Acting Prime Minister. It was at this time that the issue of East Timorese independence was becoming important. Marshall, an outspoken advocate of independence immediately began making public statements in support of independence, he met with Jose Ramos Horta and Kirsty Sword Gusmão, pledged Australian assistance for East Timor, and called for the immeidate pardon of Xanana Gusmão, and any East Timorese prisoner held by Indonesia for 'rebellion'. The referendum, which was supervised by Australia, and the UN produced a landslide for independence. Directly after this, Indonesian soldiers, and Indonesian backed militias began a campaign of terrorism against the East Timorese people. Marshall called for the immediate withdrawal of Indonesian troops, and to warn the Indonesians, ordered HMAS Australia to sail close to Indonesian, and East Timorese waters to send a message to Jakarta. The ADF was alerted for a deployment to East Timor. After direct pressure from the Americans and Acting Prime Minister Marshall, Indonesia consented to withdraw, and allowed a peacekeeping force. Marshall refused to allow Australian troops to go in as "Blue Helmets", and the UN couldn't pull together the necessary resources anyway. The UN therefore granted Australia a mandate to form the International Force for East Timor, consisting of almost 10,000 troops, 7,000 being Australian, the rest being primarily from Britain, and South East Asian countries. During 2006, reports came out that Marshall also ordered F-111's to be deployed to RAAF Tindal, ready with live weapons to attack Indonesia in the event of Indonesian resistance to Interfet. He also ordered the use of RF-111 reconniassance aircraft to photograph TNI positions in East and West Timor. When Hawke returned to Canberra, he was furious with Marshall for going so far without his Prime Minister, and considered sacking him, however when he realised that the East Timor deployment was overwhelmingly popular with Australians, he relented, though it would sour the already tense relationship between the men.
In 2000, Marshall set his sights on centralised wage fixing. Australia had the same wages policy in 2000 as it had in 1910, wages were fixed by the central government. In bringing in a new industrial relations policy, Marshall had to contend with everyone, the Labor Party (which in 2000 had control of the Senate), the unions, the Business Council, the public service, and forces within his own party. Marshall's policy (in the end) had a lot of compromises. In using the corporations power of the Constitution, Marshall enacted a policy which contained an indexed minimum wage (essential to gain the votes of two key New Zealand Labour Party Senators), minimum conditions for sick leave, and annual leave, and an Industrial Relations Commission to examine, and help arbitrate wage disputes. Marshall also opened the door to individual contracts, or collective contracts. It deinstitutionalised unions, removing any legal protection for pickets, protecting bosses who hired strike breakers, but forbidding the use of government personnel as strike breakers, except as a replacement for government contractors.
2001 was an election year for the Hawke/Marshall government, and Marshall intended to make it his biggest year yet. The 2001 Budget delivered the biggest surplus per capita in Australian history, along with major tax cuts. Marshall "flattened and gutted" the income tax system, leaving only two rates in tact, and vastly increasing thresholds. He also launched indexation of the tax system to prevent bracket creep. In Marshall's words, it was the budget that "brought home the bacon". The budget headed off any change of a Labor victory, and precipitated the defection of Labor backbencher Kim Beazley.
The budget was particularly important for Marshall not only because it substantially helped win an election, and brought together all his economic reforms, and his defence reforms, but he believed it might be his last budget. Marshall was pessimistic about the 2001 election, and his relationship with Hawke had become strained almost to breaking point. He once called Hawke a "bible-bashing bumpkin", and likened his efforts to start a Parliamentary Prayer Society to "turning Australia's Parliament into some bloody Sunday school out the back of fuckin' Whoop Whoop."
Marshall brought down six more budgets, either matching his 2001 performance, or beating it.
For some time in 2005, rumours began to circulate about strange donations deals in the LDP. The PM was often seen with property developers, and some inside Canberra suspected there was a lot going on. At this time, the Government was heavily engaged in selling off sites left vacant by the progressive shrinking of the government. The land in question was often extremely valuable, and had great development potential. Government process was to either auction off the land, or put the site up to tender, with the government determining the winning tender. The Canberra rumourmongers suspected that donations to the LDP were used by developers to steer the process. This came to a head after the March 2006 Federal Election which left the Labor Party, and the Greens in control of the Senate. They pushed for, and got an independent judicial enquiry.
[edit] Marshall becomes Prime Minister
The Independent Inquiry into Corruption heard evidence from property developers, government officials, ministerial staffers, and other people connected with what was going on.
The Enquiry went on for sixteen months with little impact, and it looked like that Hawke had got away with whatever was happening when September 2007, a former staffer in the PM's office reported large sums of cash in Hawke's safe. A Hong Kong developer went before the Inquiry, and testified that he had given a $300,000 donation to the LDP in cash, in the Prime Minister's office. Everyone, the media, Parliament, the Inquiry, and the public in general were stunned. The Inquiry, which had power to call anyone, called the PM's Personal Private Secretary, and the Cabinet Secretary to testify, and finally the Prime Minister himself. The two civil servants said they knew nothing, and pointed out that they had been effectively marginalised in favour of private staffers, and LDP employees. The Prime Minister's explaination did not satisfy the Inquiry, and the story got to the media.
Marshall was questioned about the affair by the media, and reported that he knew nothing, but he supported the Prime Minister. In private, Marshall had deep misgivings. He believed that the Prime Minister had lied to him, and reportedly saw the PM personally about this.
Marshall came to the conclusion that it was in the best interests of the Party, and the Government if Hawke resigned. When he put this to Hawke, he was furious, accusing Marshall of treason against the party, and betraying him. Marshall held firm, and Hawke decided to ask Marshall to resign from the Cabinet. Marshall refused, saying that there were no grounds for him to resign, and he wouldn't fall on his sword to protect someone "on his way to the klink". Hawke advised the Governor General to dismiss Marshall. Major General Sir Michael Jeffery refused. In the meantime, some LDP members were starting to talk about moving a spill against Hawke. They reasoned that if the party took him out, then any consequences on Hawke would reflect less on the party itself.
They asked Marshall to move a leadership vote. Marshall refused, going again to Hawke. Hawke refused to see him, so Marshall wrote him a letter, a relatively formal letter as Chairman of the Party. It is quoted below:
Dear Mr. Hawke,
The events of the past few weeks have unfortunately reflected on the conduct of yourself both as Prime Minister of Australia, and leader of the Liberty and Democracy Party. Although I, and the national executive of the party have not come to any conclusions, the media speculation, and your persistant failure to fully account for you personal receipt of large cash donations have placed the party in a difficult position. As Chairman of the Party, I pushed for a policy of not accepting large cash donations over $1000, and suggesting that all large donations over $100 be made in the form of cheques, bank transfers, online payments, or credit card purchases. As you will no doubt recall, this policy was intended to increase the finanical transparancy of the party to the public, and to the Australian Electoral Commission. For the good of the Party, it is necessary in my view to hold a vote of the Parliamentary Party on your continued leadership. The vote will take place at the next party room meeting of the Parliamentary Party.
Yours faithfully,
Chris Marshall
Chairman
Liberty and Democracy Party of Australia
The vote took place on October 8 2007, and there were only two candidates, Marshall and Hawke. There were only three votes against Marshall, and one abstaining (Hawke refused to attend the meeting). After the vote, Tony Abbott, the Manager of Government Business, and Minister of Health, went to Hawke's office in Parliament House to tell him that he was no longer Prime Minister1.
According to Abbott, Hawke took the news quietly, saying "Thank you for letting me know, Tony. You can go now, go to the new man." Abbot turned and walked out of Hawke's office. A few moments later, Abbott heard the shot. Some say it rang through all of Parliament House (though that is in fact impossible acoustically). Abbott, and a few others ran in to Hawke's office to find him sitting in his chair, a revolver on the floor, and blood dripping from his chin, and the top of his head. Marshall technically became Caretaker Prime Minister at that moment, and was sworn in formally that afternoon at Government House.
1Technically, Hawke would remain Prime Minister until the Governor General withdrew his commission, or accepted Hawke's resignation, though for all intents and purposes, the party room vote would end his government.
[edit] As Prime Minister
Marshall has had a limited impact in the few weeks in which he has been Prime Minister. Marshall is regarded as hawkish in matters that affect Australia's security, though he is opposed to "foreign adventurism". His reaction to the North Korean test was highly condemnatory, and some speculate that he intends to arm Australia with nuclear weapons.
[edit] Political Views
Marshall is a minarchist. He is opposed to government intervention in most areas of society. He believes that government should confine itself to the enforcement of contracts, defence, law enforcement, and the provision of a basic safety net of social welfare (mainly through the 30/30 tax system).
Marshall is a staunch monarchist, and was behind the revival of the title of Australian Knight in the Order of Australia. The Queen showed her recognition of his monarchism when she flew her Australian personal flag on Prime Minister Marshall's 2007 British Visit. Marshall was the force behind the previous government's embrace of the trappings of the Monarchy, which are now seen in most things the government does. Pictures of the Queen appear in all government buildings, envelopes containing official correspondence bear the initials OHMS (On Her Majesty's Service), new Australian citizens swear the following oath now:
I, A. B. swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Australia, Her heirs and successors according to law, and that I will faithfully observe the laws of Australia and fulfil my duties as an Australian citizen.
While Treasurer (1996-2007), Marshall introduced key reforms of the Australian economy. He ended centralised wage fixing, floated the dollar, deregulated the airlines, lowered the tariff wall, reformed taxes and welfare, opened the financial sector to foreign competition.
[edit] Key Dates
- December 1 1984: Marshall elected as Member for Forde
- 11 July 1987: 1987 Federal Election; Liberal Democrats become the official opposition. Marshall appointed to the Opposition Frontbench, Shadow Minister of Trade
- 1988: Marshall mounts unsuccessful leadership challenge against Robert Snedden
- 1989: Marshall backs Malcolm Hawke against Snedden, Hawke successful, and appoints Marshall Shadow Minister of Foriegn Affairs
- 24 March 1990: 1990 Federal Election; Liberal Democrats under Hawke defeat the Australian Labor Party (led by Bob Hughes). Marshall commissioned as Minister of Foreign Affairs
- 13 March 1993: 1993 Federal Election; Liberal Democrats gain control of the Senate, Marshall becomes Minister of Defence
- 2 March 1996: 1996 Federal Election; Liberal Democrat majority in House of Reps falls to a 15 seat majority, Marshall becomes Treasurer
- 4 September 2005: Marshall elected Chairman of the Liberty and Democracy Party
- 8 October 2007: Marshall wins leadership ballot overwhelmingly
[edit] Children
- Patrick (1992)
- Caroline (1994)
- Katherine (1997)
- Alexandra (2000)
