From Phonology
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| - | 在[[語音學]]上，'''語音降階'''(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之[[音位]]、或[[语音学|語音]]的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是[[日语|日語]](一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的[[語音升階]]之語音特徵。在[[國際音標]]裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前[[Unicode]]還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 <sup>!</sup> 來替代它。
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| - | 語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在[[加纳|加納]]的[[多威語]]，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在[[下降階浮動]]與[[聲調台階]]扮演很重要的角色。
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| - | Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[語音省略]], or occurs as a [[浮動聲調]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. [[班巴拉语|班巴拉語]]裡有一個例子出現。在這個語言裡，[[冠词|定冠詞]]是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.''
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| - | Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[莫拉]], or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下：
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| - | {|
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| - | |{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>ki/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>/}}||{{IPA|/kaki/}}
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| - | ||{{IPA|[kákì]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}
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| - | ||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子''
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| - | |}
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| - | In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ''ga:''，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。
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| - | {|
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| - | |{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>kiga/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>ga/}}||{{IPA|/kakiga/}}
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| - | ||{{IPA|[kákìgà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkígà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkīgá]}}
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| - | ||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子''
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| - | |}
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| - | ==參見==
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| - | *[[變調]]
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| - | *[[连音|連音]]
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| - | [[category:語音學]]
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| - | [[category:音韻學]]
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| - | [[en:Downstep (phonetics)]]
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Revision as of 20:15, 31 March 2006
