語音降階

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在[[語音學]]上，'''語音降階(downstep)''' is a [[phoneme|phonemic]] or [[phonetic]] downward shift of [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the languages of West Africa, but the [[pitch accent]] of [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (a non-tonal language) is quite similar to downstep in Africa. Downstep contrasts with the much rarer [[upstep (phonetics)|upstep]]. The symbol for downstep in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is a superscript down arrow, <sup>↓</sup>, which is not yet supported by [[Unicode]]. It is common to see a superscript exclamation mark, <sup>!</sup>, used instead.
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在[[語音學]]上，'''語音降階'''(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之[[音位]]、或[[语音学|語音]]的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是[[日语|日語]](一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的[[語音升階]]之語音特徵。在[[國際音標]]裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前[[Unicode]]還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 <sup>!</sup> 來替代它。
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Phonetic downstep may occur between sequences of the same phonemic tone. For example, when two mid tones occur together in [[Twi language|Twi]], the second is at a lower pitch than the first. Thus downshift plays a vital role in [[downdrift]] and [[tone terracing]].
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語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在[[加纳|加納]]的[[多威語]]，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在[[下降階浮動]]與[[聲調台階]]扮演很重要的角色。
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Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[elision|elided]], or occurs as a [[floating tone]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. An example occurs in [[Bambara language|Bambara]]. In this language, the [[definite article]] is a floating low tone. With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.''
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Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[語音省略]], or occurs as a [[浮動聲調]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. [[班巴拉语|班巴拉語]]裡有一個例子出現。在這個語言裡，[[冠词|定冠詞]]是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.''
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Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[mora]]s, or before the grammatical particle. An example is
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Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[莫拉]], or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下：
{|
{|
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>ki/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>/}}||{{IPA|/kaki/}}
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>ki/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>/}}||{{IPA|/kaki/}}
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||{{IPA|[kákì]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}
||{{IPA|[kákì]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}
|-
|-
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||''oyster''||''fence''||''persimmon''
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||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子''
|}
|}
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In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. However, all three are distinct when followed by the so-called "subject" particle ''ga:''
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In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ''ga:''，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。
{|
{|
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>kiga/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>ga/}}||{{IPA|/kakiga/}}
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>kiga/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>ga/}}||{{IPA|/kakiga/}}
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||{{IPA|[kákìgà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkígà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkīgá]}}
||{{IPA|[kákìgà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkígà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkīgá]}}
|-
|-
-
||''oyster''||''fence''||''persimmon''
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||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子''
|}
|}
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==參見==
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*[[變調]]
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*[[连音|連音]]
[[category:語音學]]
[[category:語音學]]
[[category:音韻學]]
[[category:音韻學]]
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[[category:音系學]]
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[[en:Downstep (phonetics)]]

Current revision as of 16:54, 3 April 2006

在語音學上，語音降階(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之音位、或語音的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是日語(一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的語音升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前Unicode還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 ! 來替代它。

語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在加納的多威語，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在下降階浮動與聲調台階扮演很重要的角色。

Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is 語音省略, or occurs as a 浮動聲調, and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這個語言裡，定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] river; [bâ] the river. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: [bá tɛ́] it's not a river; [bá ↓ tɛ́] it's not the river.

Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between 莫拉, or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下：

/ka↓ki//kaki↓//kaki/
[kákì][kàkí][kàkí]
牡蠣籬笆柿子

In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ga:，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。

/ka↓kiga//kaki↓ga//kakiga/
[kákìgà][kàkígà][kàkīgá]
牡蠣籬笆柿子

[edit] 參見

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