Exam 1 flashcards.txt
From Iusmhistology
red stain; eosin
blue stain; hematoxylin
number of nuclei in skeletal muscle; many
location of skeletal muscle nuclei; periphery
name of a full length muscle cell contractile organelle; myofibril
sarc in greek; flesh
diameter of human RBC; 7-8 microns
thickness of lm sections; 5-7 microns
do skeletal muscle cells have a basement membrane?; yes
where is the skeletal muscle basement membrane?; on the outside of the sarcolemma
fasicles are a group of...; myofibers
individual muscle cells are held together by the; endomyesium
this layer runs into and throughout a fascicle; perimyseium
this is the outer-most layer of a fasicle; epimyseium
I bands occur where in the sarcomere; where there are not thick filaments
do I bands change orientation of light?; no
define the A band; where thick filaments exist
do A bands change orientation of light?; yes
what happens at the z line?; thin filaments attach to their backbone
at what line do thick filaments attach?; M line
define the H zone; where there is only thick filaments without thin filament overlap, centered around the m line
thin filaments made of actin or myosin?; actin
thick filaments made of actin or myosin?; myosin
where is the atpase unit of myosin; the head
what ion must be elevated to allow cross-bridge formation? to what concentration?; Ca, 1 mM
true or false: ADP and Pi are released upon ATP burning by myosin; false
what are the three domains of troponin and what do they do; C (senses Ca), I (inhibitory, binds actin), and T (interacts with tropomyosin)
this protein of the thin filament inhibits myosin from binding actin; tropomyosin
what two proteins binding causes myosin to release Pi?; myosin to actin
ADP release from myosin is triggered by what event?; the first 45 degree rotation of myosin on actin
troponinC binds calcium allowing this protein to move; tropomyosin
how far does tropomyosin move around actin to allow myosin binding?; about 5 minutes on a clock face (30 degrees)
t tubules are made of what; cell membrane
t tubules reach into the cell and touch what?; sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae
what is a triad?; the junction of two terminal cisternae with a T tuble at the A-zone / I-zone junction
describe the a-zone / i-zone junction; the a zone is where there is no thick filament and the i zone is where there are only thick filaments so the junction is the end of the thick filament
does the basemement membrane outside the sarcolemma invaginate with the T tubule?; yes, a little
what is the difference between triads in mammals and other animals?; other animals have a triad in which the T tubule touches the sarcomere at the Z line
the nerve plate is a synonyme for the...; synapse
how many muscle fibers can one axon innervate?; one or many
define a motor unit; a neuron and all the muscles it innervates
can a neuron fire only a portion of it's motor unit?; no, it is all or nothing
in the eye, would you predict a large or small number of myofibers for each motor unit?; small because the eye requires very fine movement
which striated muscle type has branched myofibers?; cardiac
skeletal myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically
cardiac myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically, electrically
location of cardiac nuclei; centrally located
number of cardiac nuclei; 1 or 2
does cardiac or skeletal muscle have more vascularization?; cardiac
name the junctions found in an intercalated disk?; facial adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions
facial adherens are like what type of junction; zonula adherens
macula adherens are like what type of junction; desmosomes
what happens at each of the three junctions of the intercalated disk?; thin filaments connect at the facial adherens, thick filaments at the macula adherens, and electrical signals connect at the gap junctions
do gap junctions hold cells physically together?; no because they don't affect cytoskeleton
where along the myofiber are gap junctions located?; along the longitudinal membrane
the atria of the heart can release what hormone? what is its function?; atrial naturetic peptid, vasodilator, diuretic (water and Na loss at kidney)
diads are found in this type of muscle; cardiac
this type of muscle is spindle shaped; smooth muscle
location and number of smooth muscle nuclei; central, single
describe a smooth muscle cross-section in terms of cell diameter; there will be a variety of diameters because some cells will be cut toward their ends where they are tapered and some will be cut at the middle where they have a larger diameter
this muscle type does not have sarcomeres; smooth muscle
to what type of cytoskeletal fiber are actin and myosin attached in smooth muslce cells?; intermediate filaments
desmin and vimentin make up what type of cytoskeletal fiber?; intermediate filament
intermediate filaments are made of what two proteins?; desmin and vimentin
dense bodies connect what?; thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments
membrane dense bodies connect what? thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments
what two structures link thin and intermediate filaments?; dense bodies and membrane dense bodies
these structures of smooth muscle generate dark bodies on the membrane and cytoplasm; membrane dense bodies and dense bodies
this muscle type doesn't require T tubles; smooth muscle cells
this muscle type may use the state of intermediate filaments to regulate contraction
smooth muscle uses what cue to cause myosin to assemble into filaments?; phosphorylation of myosin
in smooth muscle, phosphorylation of myosin causes what?; myosin to form filaments
for smooth muscle contraction, must myosin be phosed or dephosed? phosphorylated
which muscle type may generate a corkscrewed nucleus upon contraction?; smooth muscle
which muscle types have gap junctions?; cardiac and smooth
what facilitates "unitary smooth muscle" activity?; electrical connectivity via gap junctions
multi-unit smooth muscle is controlled by gap junctions, neuronal stimulation, or both; neuronal stimulation, mostly
what cell is capable of regenerating skeletal muscle?; satellite cells
where to satellite cells live?; just below basement membrane next to skeletal cells
in a light microscope slide, what does a satellite cell look like?; a peripheral nucleus or a fibroblast
can smooth muscle regenerate?; yes, most smooth muscle cells can dedifferentiate and replicate
what are the steps in satellite cell regeneration of skeletal muscle (5)?; satellite cells -> myoblasts -> myotubles -> myofibrillogenesis -> myofiber
describe myofibrillogenesis (4 things) (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle); formation of myofibrils of myotubes, nuclei pushed outward, fusion, elongation
describe a myotubule (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle); long cells, multiple cells bound together
describe myoblasts; can fuse, don't look like muscle but do have similar expression pattern
describe myotubes; a syncitium of myoblasts
does hematoxylin bind acidic or basic particles?; acidic
is hematoxylin acidic or basic?; basic
H&E stands for...; hematoxylin and eosin
with what two elements does hematoxylin react to generate it's color?; Aluminum or iron
hematoxylin generates what color?; blue
what color does eosin generate?; red
does eosin stain acidic or basic particles?; acidic
chromatin and ribosomes are stained by what stain?; hemotoxylin
connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are stained by; eosin
connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are turned red by this stain; eosin
vacant areas on slides may have contained this type of tissue, dissolved during fixation; adipose
size of RBCs (in a slide and in real life); 7 micrometers, 10 micrometers
what type of muscle can be found in the uterus, appendix, bladder?; smooth
in the GI tract, what are the orientations of the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle?; circumferential and longitudinal
this organ has "interlaced" smooth muscle; uterus
this organ has disparate bundles of smooth muslce separated by connective tissue; bladder
what is the difference between the smooth muscle of the uterus and bladder?; bladder muscle is disparate while uterus muscle is interlaced
what color (and by which stain) does connective tissue stain?; red via eosin
the soft palate and tongue are made of what type of muscle?; skeletal
myofibers are surrounded by what layer?; endomyseium
perimysium surrounds what unit?; bundles
epimyseium surrounds what unit of muscle?; fasicle or gross muscle unit
the cns is composed of these two structures; brain, spinal cord
grey matter of the brain exists in two forms; surrounding white matter and as nuclei in the brain
this type of "matter" forms neural tracks of the CNS; white
the PNS is composed of these two structures; ganglia and nerves
define ganglia; clister of neuronal cell bodies.
sensory fibers are efferent or afferent?; afferent
motor fibers are efferent or afferent?; efferent
name the three types of neurons based on function; excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory
name the three types of neurons based on processes; multipolar (have many processes), bipolar (have two processes), and pseudounipolar (rare)
name three ways neurons can be classified; function, NT, number of processes
name three NTs: gluatmic acid, GABA, NE
give two synonyms for the neuron cell body; perikaryon, soma
this cell type has a prominent nucleolus; neuron
what is a nissl body?; stained rER
the rER of neurons shows up as this named structure; nissl body
this pigment stains the lyposome; lipofuscins
mt of neurons have this particular shape; cucumber
true or false: primary dendrites branch into smaller dendrites?; true
small dendrites are called...; spines
there are two types of dendrites depending on their direction; apical and basal
this type of dendrite faces away from the cortex of the brain; apical
basal dendrites face which direction?; toward the cortex
spines of neurons have what anatomical features; head and neck
what is the function of spines?; to allow synapsing with neighboring neurons
how many axons are there per neuron?; one
the axon hillock is begun by this named structure; the initial segment
do collaterals or terminal come off the axon first?; collaterals
the axon hillock is especially dense with this cytoskeletal structure and an organelle...; microtubules and mitocondria
"fast" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; several hundred mm / day
"slow" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; a few mm / day
which motor moves material from the body of a neuron down the axon?; kinesin
dynein moves material toward...; the soma (retrograde)
there are two types of neuronal synapses: electrical, chemical
are chemical or electrical synapses more common in mammals?; chemical
what structure facilitates electrical synapse?; gap junctions
which is faster, a chemical or electrical synapse?; electrical
what are the three components to a chemical neuronal synapse?; presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell
can any part of a neuron perform as the post-synaptic area?; yes (dendrite, soma, axon, spine)
describe three dynamic aspects of spines; length, location, and number of branches
name the glial cells of the CNA and PNS; oligodendorcytes and schwann cells
what type of cells produce myelin sheaths?; schwann cells in the PNS
myelin is a protein with what type of modification?; addition of lipids--a lipoprotein
how many (and what type of) cells produce the insulation between two nodes of ranvier?; one oligodendrocyte, a schwann cell
in the PNS or CNS does a single glial cell wrap around many axons?; PNS
what color is myelin in an EM?; dark, black
what protein is important for guiding a regenerating neuron?; myelin
how does "bridnging" work to regenerate neurons?; bridging uses a tube full of schwann cells to generate myelin to help a neuron grow in the right direction when regeneratin
this type of cell is the most numerous cell in the CNS; astrocyte
name the two types of astrocytes; fibrous, protoplasmic
which type of astrocyte (fibrous or protoplasmic) is found in grey matter?; protoplasmic
an astrocyte with a long, thin processes would be considered what type of astrocyte?; fibrous
name four functions of astrocytes; physically support neurons, maintain homeostasis, release neurotrophic factors, help transduce signal (?)
astrocytes are able to connect with epithelium through this structure; "end feet"
are astrocytes found on the periphery or in the cortex of the CNS?; periphery
how do astrocytes and neurons interact?; through spines (from either of them)
this cell type is increased after the brain suffers ischemia; astrocytes
name the four components of the blood brain barrier; endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocytes' end feet, pericytes
endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier use this type of juction to keep even ions from passing; occluded junction
occluded junctions are found in this barrier; blood brain barrier
a macrophage of the CNS has this name; microglia
microglia arise from this tissue; bone marrow
IL4 turns on this immune cell of the CNS; microglia
microglia can be activated this cytokine; IL4
of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, which are smallest?; microglia
microglia are indicated as culprits in what neurodegenerative disease?; MS, they chew up myelin
what causes the relapsing-remitting course of MS?; multiple exposure to pathogens that activate microglia
are abs generated in MS?; yes, against myelin
ependymal cells line what (in the CNS); central canal of spinal cord
what type of cells are ependymal cells; celiated, cuboidal epithelium
does white or grey matter form the horns of the spinal cord?; grey
what type of cells are found in the ventral horn?; motor neurons
sensory neurons are found in this horn of the spinal cord; dorsal
any part of the spinal cord that does not contain cells is called; neurophil
what part of the spinal cord contains white matter?; ascending and descending tracts
what are the two types of ganglia of the PNS?; sensory, autonomic
name the two locations of sensory ganglia; cranial and dorsal root
name the two locations of autonomic ganglia; sympathetic chain, intramural
what type of cells are associated with sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia?; pseudounipolar / satellite cells, multipolar / satellite cells
a single neuron has what layer wrapped around it?; endoneurium
several neurons are bound by the...; perineurium
this layer covers a nerve bundle; epineurium
name the major types (and subtypes) of nerves; somatic (sensory and motor) and visceral (sensory and motor)
at the dorsal root ganglia, what type (somatic or visceral) and subtype (sensory or motor) of nerve would you expect to find?; somatic AND visceral, sensory
this type-subtype of nerve is very precise as to where came it's signal; somatic, somatic AND motor
among the somatic nerves, which subtype (motor, sensory) is faster?; motor
this type of nerve controls smooth muscle, glands, cardiac rhythm, and body homeostasis; visceral nerves
signal from visceral, sensory nerves generally come from...; internal organs
which type of sensory nerve is vague in it's location (somatic or visceral)?; visceral
at what location in the spinal cord can visceral sensory stimulation get confused as somatic sensory?; the dorsal horn
what NT is used at the sympathetic ganglia?; ach
what is a "division" synonym for the sympathetic division?; thoracodorsal division
are preganglionic visceral motor neurons short or long?; short (because they are sympathetic)
which division provides "awareness and survival" and which type and subtype of neurons are being used?; sympathetic, visceral, motor
what is a "division" synonym for the parasympathetic division?; craniosacral division
this system has long pre-ganglionic neurons; parasympathetic
this chemical conserves lipids in sections; osmium tetroxide
what color do lipids turn when treated with osmium tetroxide?; black or brown
what color does osmium tetroxide turn myelin? why?; brown, becuase it is a lipo-protein
of the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium, which is coursest?; epineurium (perinuerium is more wavy and less collagenous)
what color does endoneurium stain (H&E)?; pink
this stain makes connective tissue a blue-green; Masson's trichrome
masson's trichrome turns what tissue blue-green?; connective tissue
nuclei are turned purple by this stain; Masson's trichrome
myelin is turned what color by Masson's trichrome?; blotchy white
what shape / color would you expect the nucleus of schwann cell to be in a Masson's trichrome stain of a peripheral nerve?; arched (folded around nerve), purple
to which division are unmyelinated PNS nerves likely to belong? why?; parasympathetic, because the signals sent usually don't have to happen fast
rER is called a "nissl" body when stained with this stain; nissl stain
what color is a nissl body? what structure generates the nissl body?; deep blue; rER
what cell type is found in the ventral horn? what type of neuron is it?; visceral motor neuron, multipolar
what neuron stains well with Nissl? where is this cell type located?; visceral motor neurons, ventral horn of the spinal cord
do multipolar neurons have multiple axons?; no
how does one identify the axon of a multipolar neuron?; the only process with an axon hillock which will stain lighter than the rest of the process because it has lots of MTs but little rER and little mt
what type and subtype of neuron bodies reside in the lateral horn?; visceral motor (autonomic)
this type of neuron gives off one process that quickly splits into two; pseudounipolar
this type of neuron is pseudounipolar and found where; sensory, dorsal root ganglia
large nuclei, lots of euchromatin, and prominent nucleoli are signs of...; high metabolic activity
somatic and visceral motor neurons are of this type (processes); multipolar
these types of cells surround neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain; satellite cells
this tissue type comes either as cells that line fluid filled spaces or as chords ropes; epithelium
what tissue type is known to line cavities or surfaces of organs?; epithelium
this general tissue type forms sheets of cells that work to transport material between compartments; epithelium
terminal bars are composed of what two structures?; tight junctions and zonular adherens
on the basolateral surface between two epithelial cells one may see a dark stain representing this structure; terminal bar
tight junctions are also known as ...; zonula occludins
describe the two functions of the tight junctions of epithelial cells; keep proteins in their compartment (apical or basolateral), keep ions or molecules from crossing the epithelial barrier
describe the selectivity of an epithelial tight junctions; how much the cell will let pass between epithelial cells
name the four proteins important to tight junctions; ZO1, ZO2, Claudin, and occludin
what two proteins make up zonulin occludins?; ZO1, ZO2
Claudin, occludin, ZO1, and ZO2 form what structure?; tight junction
what is the synonym for belt desomsosomes?; zonula adheren
are zonula occludens or the belt desmosomes more apical on epithelial cells?; zonula occludens
belt desmosomes connect what?; the cytoskeletons of neighboring cells, especially the terminal web.
these are considered "spot welds"; macula adherens
at this connecting structure, there is a "plaque" of proteins and cytoskeletal elements; desmosomes, hemi-desmosomes
these connecting structures are important to the strength of skin; desmosomses
this connecting structure is found at the basal aspect of epithelial cells; hemi-desmosomes
hemi-desmosomes connect what?; epithelial cells and the ECM (connective tissue or basement membrane)
this protein makes intermediate filaments; keratin
this type of filament is associated with hemi and full desmosomes; intermediate filaments
what type of filament makes up the terminal web?; actin
actin filaments from this structure generate microvilli; the terminal web
microvilli are made by this type of filament; actin
cancers are sometimes classified by this cellular component; actin filaments
when a cancer has actin filaments made of keratin we call it what type of cancer?; carcinoma
each cell contributes many of these to form a gap jxn; connexon
protein that forms gap jxns; connexins
size of gap jxn poor (in molecular weight); 1500 MW
ion that regulates opening and closing of gap jxns; Ca
gap jxn in the case of cellular injury? why?; close, because damaged cell releases Ca which causes connexons to close
a "brush border" is what?; a long duration of microvilli
striated borders of epithelial cells are also called...; brush borders
define the glycocalyx"; sugar residues hanging off of glycoproteins and glycolipids of the cell membrane
this reagent stains the glycocalyx; puriotic reactive schiff reagent
these are ridges that rise up off of epithelial cells; microplicae
microplicae are what and made by what?; ridges rising out of epithelial cells, made by actin
name three epitheilial surface specializations made by actin; microvilli, microplicae, steriocilia
these are giant microvilli; steriocilia
location of steriocilia; kidneys and hair cells
what is the purpose of basal foldings?; to increase surface area
cilia are composed of what type of filament?; microtubules
this epithelial specialization is useful for sensing flow; cilia
difference between cilia and flagella?; flagella is usually singular
the axoneme is part of what specialization? what type of cells have these?; cilia / flagella, epithelial cells
describe the arrangement of motile cilia and primary cilia; 9+2, 9+0
name five epithelial cell surface specializations; cilia / flagella, steriocilia, microvilli, basal folds, microplicae
name the two sides of an epithelial cell and their synonyms; apical (lumenal, mucosal) and basal (serosal, abluminal)
describe the three types of secretion?; merocrine (vesicles), apocrine (dump some membrane into ECF), holocrine (whole cell released)
describe apocrine secretion (mechanism, location, contents); dumps some of it's own membrane into the ECF, sweat glands of groin and armpits, generally fat and protein
name two types of cells that secrete proteins; serous cells, neuroendocrine cells
which type of cells secrete protein in a watery fluid? give an example; serous cells, salivary glands
what type of secretion do neuroendocrine cells use? into what do they secrete?; merocrine, blood
give an example of a mucous secreting cell; goblet cells
what type of molecules make up mucous?; proteins (mucin) covered with sugars
how does sugar modification affect mucins of mucous secreting cells versus neuroendocrine cells which also secrete protein?; the mucous proteins cannot be concentrated as much because they require water (osmolarly)
steroid synthesizing epithelial cells have lots of...; sER, mt, shelf-like cristae, fat droplets
what type of epithelial cell is found in the sweat gland, mammary gland, lacrimal gland, and salivary gland?; myepithelial cell
myoepithelial cells are found between what two layers?; basement membrane and lumenal epithelium (they are the basal cell lamina)
these epithelial cells are progenitors of other epithelial tissues; myoepithelial cells
basal lamina is a synonym for the...; basement membrane
what layers make up the basement membrane?; lamina densa and lamina rara (lucida) (NOT the lamina reticularis)
the lamina licida is also called the lamina...; rara
where is the lamina reticularis located?; next to but not part of the basement membrane
name three cell types that generally have a basement membrane; epithelium, nerves, muscles
basement membrane contains what type of collagen?; type 4
does type 4 collagen for fibers?; no, produces a felt-type of mesh
basement membrane is made of what two biomolecules?; type 4 collagen, glycoproteins
what type of glycoproteins are found in the basement membrane?; laminin, heparen sulfate proteoglycan
this laminar structure can help cells differentiate and knwo what type of cell to become; basement membrane
blistering diseases can arise from what pathology of the basement membrane?; poor anchoring of proteins
name four functions of the basememnt membrane; anchoring, signaling (differentiation), molecular filtering (think glomerulus), cellular filtering (think blood vessels)
name the three shapes of epithelium; squamous, columnar, cuboidal
name and describe the four types of layering of epitheilium; simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), transitional (umbrella cells and stretchable), pseudostratified (looks but isn't stratified)
what type of epithelium layering is found in the urinary passage and the bladder?; transitional epithelium
what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?; keratinized and unkeratinized
in epithelium, this is a location of weakness and lymphocyte accumulation; where two different types of epithelium meet
name the two types of glands and their subtypes; unicellular and multicellular (simple and complex)
this type of gland has no ducts; unicellular
do all multicellular glands have ducts?; the simplest don't have ducts but most multicellular glands have ducts
what differentiates a simple or complex multicellular gland?; whether the duct is branched or not
what type and subtype of gland are exocrine glands?; complex multicellular
what are the two types of secretory units of exocrine glands?; elongated (tubular) and rounded (acinar)
how do serous and mucus cells stain differently? why?; serous cells are basophillic and stain with eosin (deep pink) whereas mucus cells stain very faintly
what type of gland is the submandibular gland? what type of duct and secretory unit does it have? what type of secretion?; compound multicellular, complex (branched) ducts, tubularacinar (both tubular and rounded) secretory unit, mixed (both serous and mucus)
why does PAS (periodic acid-schiff stain) stain mucus cells deep magenta?; because mucus cells have lots of carbohydrates on their proteins
what method of secretion does the submandibular gland use?; merocrine (for both mucus and serous secretions)
PAS stains the basement membrane what color?; deep magenta, because of the glycoproteins
layers of vessels are called; tunics
name the three layers of the vessels; tunica intima (closest to lumen), tunica intermedia, tunica adventitia
second name for tunica adventitia; tunica externa
which vessel tunic contains muscle?; tunica intermedia
vessels surving vessels are called...; vasa vesorum
thickness of cell membrane (nm); 10 nm
capillaries have which tunics?; only the tunica intima
what cell type that accompanies capillaries can form new blood vessels?; pericytes
what makes continuous capillaries unique?; they have a relatively thick layer of cytoplasm
more leaky: fenestrated caps with or without diaphragm?; without
type of capillaries that proteins and cells can fit through?; sinusoidal
name the four types of capillaries; continuous, fenestrated, fenestrated with diaphragm
