Exam 1 flashcards.txt

From Iusmhistology

red stain; eosin

blue stain; hematoxylin

number of nuclei in skeletal muscle; many

location of skeletal muscle nuclei; periphery

name of a full length muscle cell contractile organelle; myofibril

sarc in greek; flesh

diameter of human RBC; 7-8 microns

thickness of lm sections; 5-7 microns

do skeletal muscle cells have a basement membrane?; yes

where is the skeletal muscle basement membrane?; on the outside of the sarcolemma

fasicles are a group of...; myofibers

individual muscle cells are held together by the; endomyesium

this layer runs into and throughout a fascicle; perimyseium

this is the outer-most layer of a fasicle; epimyseium

I bands occur where in the sarcomere; where there are not thick filaments

do I bands change orientation of light?; no

define the A band; where thick filaments exist

do A bands change orientation of light?; yes

what happens at the z line?; thin filaments attach to their backbone

at what line do thick filaments attach?; M line

define the H zone; where there is only thick filaments without thin filament overlap, centered around the m line

thin filaments made of actin or myosin?; actin

thick filaments made of actin or myosin?; myosin

where is the atpase unit of myosin; the head

what ion must be elevated to allow cross-bridge formation? to what concentration?; Ca, 1 mM

true or false: ADP and Pi are released upon ATP burning by myosin; false

what are the three domains of troponin and what do they do; C (senses Ca), I (inhibitory, binds actin), and T (interacts with tropomyosin)

this protein of the thin filament inhibits myosin from binding actin; tropomyosin

what two proteins binding causes myosin to release Pi?; myosin to actin

ADP release from myosin is triggered by what event?; the first 45 degree rotation of myosin on actin

troponinC binds calcium allowing this protein to move; tropomyosin

how far does tropomyosin move around actin to allow myosin binding?; about 5 minutes on a clock face (30 degrees)

t tubules are made of what; cell membrane

t tubules reach into the cell and touch what?; sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae

what is a triad?; the junction of two terminal cisternae with a T tuble at the A-zone / I-zone junction

describe the a-zone / i-zone junction; the a zone is where there is no thick filament and the i zone is where there are only thick filaments so the junction is the end of the thick filament

does the basemement membrane outside the sarcolemma invaginate with the T tubule?; yes, a little

what is the difference between triads in mammals and other animals?; other animals have a triad in which the T tubule touches the sarcomere at the Z line

the nerve plate is a synonyme for the...; synapse

how many muscle fibers can one axon innervate?; one or many

define a motor unit; a neuron and all the muscles it innervates

can a neuron fire only a portion of it's motor unit?; no, it is all or nothing

in the eye, would you predict a large or small number of myofibers for each motor unit?; small because the eye requires very fine movement

which striated muscle type has branched myofibers?; cardiac

skeletal myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically

cardiac myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically, electrically

location of cardiac nuclei; centrally located

number of cardiac nuclei; 1 or 2

does cardiac or skeletal muscle have more vascularization?; cardiac

name the junctions found in an intercalated disk?; facial adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions

facial adherens are like what type of junction; zonula adherens

macula adherens are like what type of junction; desmosomes

what happens at each of the three junctions of the intercalated disk?; thin filaments connect at the facial adherens, thick filaments at the macula adherens, and electrical signals connect at the gap junctions

do gap junctions hold cells physically together?; no because they don't affect cytoskeleton

where along the myofiber are gap junctions located?; along the longitudinal membrane

the atria of the heart can release what hormone? what is its function?; atrial naturetic peptid, vasodilator, diuretic (water and Na loss at kidney)

diads are found in this type of muscle; cardiac

this type of muscle is spindle shaped; smooth muscle

location and number of smooth muscle nuclei; central, single

describe a smooth muscle cross-section in terms of cell diameter; there will be a variety of diameters because some cells will be cut toward their ends where they are tapered and some will be cut at the middle where they have a larger diameter

this muscle type does not have sarcomeres; smooth muscle

to what type of cytoskeletal fiber are actin and myosin attached in smooth muslce cells?; intermediate filaments

desmin and vimentin make up what type of cytoskeletal fiber?; intermediate filament

intermediate filaments are made of what two proteins?; desmin and vimentin

dense bodies connect what?; thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments

membrane dense bodies connect what? thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments

what two structures link thin and intermediate filaments?; dense bodies and membrane dense bodies

these structures of smooth muscle generate dark bodies on the membrane and cytoplasm; membrane dense bodies and dense bodies

this muscle type doesn't require T tubles; smooth muscle cells

this muscle type may use the state of intermediate filaments to regulate contraction

smooth muscle uses what cue to cause myosin to assemble into filaments?; phosphorylation of myosin

in smooth muscle, phosphorylation of myosin causes what?; myosin to form filaments

for smooth muscle contraction, must myosin be phosed or dephosed? phosphorylated

which muscle type may generate a corkscrewed nucleus upon contraction?; smooth muscle

which muscle types have gap junctions?; cardiac and smooth

what facilitates "unitary smooth muscle" activity?; electrical connectivity via gap junctions

multi-unit smooth muscle is controlled by gap junctions, neuronal stimulation, or both; neuronal stimulation, mostly

what cell is capable of regenerating skeletal muscle?; satellite cells

where to satellite cells live?; just below basement membrane next to skeletal cells

in a light microscope slide, what does a satellite cell look like?; a peripheral nucleus or a fibroblast

can smooth muscle regenerate?; yes, most smooth muscle cells can dedifferentiate and replicate

what are the steps in satellite cell regeneration of skeletal muscle (5)?; satellite cells -> myoblasts -> myotubles -> myofibrillogenesis -> myofiber

describe myofibrillogenesis (4 things) (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle); formation of myofibrils of myotubes, nuclei pushed outward, fusion, elongation

describe a myotubule (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle); long cells, multiple cells bound together

describe myoblasts; can fuse, don't look like muscle but do have similar expression pattern

describe myotubes; a syncitium of myoblasts

does hematoxylin bind acidic or basic particles?; acidic

is hematoxylin acidic or basic?; basic

H&E stands for...; hematoxylin and eosin

with what two elements does hematoxylin react to generate it's color?; Aluminum or iron

hematoxylin generates what color?; blue

what color does eosin generate?; red

does eosin stain acidic or basic particles?; acidic

chromatin and ribosomes are stained by what stain?; hemotoxylin

connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are stained by; eosin

connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are turned red by this stain; eosin

vacant areas on slides may have contained this type of tissue, dissolved during fixation; adipose

size of RBCs (in a slide and in real life); 7 micrometers, 10 micrometers

what type of muscle can be found in the uterus, appendix, bladder?; smooth

in the GI tract, what are the orientations of the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle?; circumferential and longitudinal

this organ has "interlaced" smooth muscle; uterus

this organ has disparate bundles of smooth muslce separated by connective tissue; bladder

what is the difference between the smooth muscle of the uterus and bladder?; bladder muscle is disparate while uterus muscle is interlaced

what color (and by which stain) does connective tissue stain?; red via eosin

the soft palate and tongue are made of what type of muscle?; skeletal

myofibers are surrounded by what layer?; endomyseium

perimysium surrounds what unit?; bundles

epimyseium surrounds what unit of muscle?; fasicle or gross muscle unit

the cns is composed of these two structures; brain, spinal cord

grey matter of the brain exists in two forms; surrounding white matter and as nuclei in the brain

this type of "matter" forms neural tracks of the CNS; white

the PNS is composed of these two structures; ganglia and nerves

define ganglia; clister of neuronal cell bodies.

sensory fibers are efferent or afferent?; afferent

motor fibers are efferent or afferent?; efferent

name the three types of neurons based on function; excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory

name the three types of neurons based on processes; multipolar (have many processes), bipolar (have two processes), and pseudounipolar (rare)

name three ways neurons can be classified; function, NT, number of processes

name three NTs: gluatmic acid, GABA, NE

give two synonyms for the neuron cell body; perikaryon, soma

this cell type has a prominent nucleolus; neuron

what is a nissl body?; stained rER

the rER of neurons shows up as this named structure; nissl body

this pigment stains the lyposome; lipofuscins

mt of neurons have this particular shape; cucumber

true or false: primary dendrites branch into smaller dendrites?; true

small dendrites are called...; spines

there are two types of dendrites depending on their direction; apical and basal

this type of dendrite faces away from the cortex of the brain; apical

basal dendrites face which direction?; toward the cortex

spines of neurons have what anatomical features; head and neck

what is the function of spines?; to allow synapsing with neighboring neurons

how many axons are there per neuron?; one

the axon hillock is begun by this named structure; the initial segment

do collaterals or terminal come off the axon first?; collaterals

the axon hillock is especially dense with this cytoskeletal structure and an organelle...; microtubules and mitocondria

"fast" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; several hundred mm / day

"slow" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; a few mm / day

which motor moves material from the body of a neuron down the axon?; kinesin

dynein moves material toward...; the soma (retrograde)

there are two types of neuronal synapses: electrical, chemical

are chemical or electrical synapses more common in mammals?; chemical

what structure facilitates electrical synapse?; gap junctions

which is faster, a chemical or electrical synapse?; electrical

what are the three components to a chemical neuronal synapse?; presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell

can any part of a neuron perform as the post-synaptic area?; yes (dendrite, soma, axon, spine)

describe three dynamic aspects of spines; length, location, and number of branches

name the glial cells of the CNA and PNS; oligodendorcytes and schwann cells

what type of cells produce myelin sheaths?; schwann cells in the PNS

myelin is a protein with what type of modification?; addition of lipids--a lipoprotein

how many (and what type of) cells produce the insulation between two nodes of ranvier?; one oligodendrocyte, a schwann cell

in the PNS or CNS does a single glial cell wrap around many axons?; PNS

what color is myelin in an EM?; dark, black

what protein is important for guiding a regenerating neuron?; myelin

how does "bridnging" work to regenerate neurons?; bridging uses a tube full of schwann cells to generate myelin to help a neuron grow in the right direction when regeneratin

this type of cell is the most numerous cell in the CNS; astrocyte

name the two types of astrocytes; fibrous, protoplasmic

which type of astrocyte (fibrous or protoplasmic) is found in grey matter?; protoplasmic

an astrocyte with a long, thin processes would be considered what type of astrocyte?; fibrous

name four functions of astrocytes; physically support neurons, maintain homeostasis, release neurotrophic factors, help transduce signal (?)

astrocytes are able to connect with epithelium through this structure; "end feet"

are astrocytes found on the periphery or in the cortex of the CNS?; periphery

how do astrocytes and neurons interact?; through spines (from either of them)

this cell type is increased after the brain suffers ischemia; astrocytes

name the four components of the blood brain barrier; endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocytes' end feet, pericytes

endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier use this type of juction to keep even ions from passing; occluded junction

occluded junctions are found in this barrier; blood brain barrier

a macrophage of the CNS has this name; microglia

microglia arise from this tissue; bone marrow

IL4 turns on this immune cell of the CNS; microglia

microglia can be activated this cytokine; IL4

of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, which are smallest?; microglia

microglia are indicated as culprits in what neurodegenerative disease?; MS, they chew up myelin

what causes the relapsing-remitting course of MS?; multiple exposure to pathogens that activate microglia

are abs generated in MS?; yes, against myelin

ependymal cells line what (in the CNS); central canal of spinal cord

what type of cells are ependymal cells; celiated, cuboidal epithelium

does white or grey matter form the horns of the spinal cord?; grey

what type of cells are found in the ventral horn?; motor neurons

sensory neurons are found in this horn of the spinal cord; dorsal

any part of the spinal cord that does not contain cells is called; neurophil

what part of the spinal cord contains white matter?; ascending and descending tracts

what are the two types of ganglia of the PNS?; sensory, autonomic

name the two locations of sensory ganglia; cranial and dorsal root

name the two locations of autonomic ganglia; sympathetic chain, intramural

what type of cells are associated with sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia?; pseudounipolar / satellite cells, multipolar / satellite cells

a single neuron has what layer wrapped around it?; endoneurium

several neurons are bound by the...; perineurium

this layer covers a nerve bundle; epineurium

name the major types (and subtypes) of nerves; somatic (sensory and motor) and visceral (sensory and motor)

at the dorsal root ganglia, what type (somatic or visceral) and subtype (sensory or motor) of nerve would you expect to find?; somatic AND visceral, sensory

this type-subtype of nerve is very precise as to where came it's signal; somatic, somatic AND motor

among the somatic nerves, which subtype (motor, sensory) is faster?; motor

this type of nerve controls smooth muscle, glands, cardiac rhythm, and body homeostasis; visceral nerves

signal from visceral, sensory nerves generally come from...; internal organs

which type of sensory nerve is vague in it's location (somatic or visceral)?; visceral

at what location in the spinal cord can visceral sensory stimulation get confused as somatic sensory?; the dorsal horn

what NT is used at the sympathetic ganglia?; ach

what is a "division" synonym for the sympathetic division?; thoracodorsal division

are preganglionic visceral motor neurons short or long?; short (because they are sympathetic)

which division provides "awareness and survival" and which type and subtype of neurons are being used?; sympathetic, visceral, motor

what is a "division" synonym for the parasympathetic division?; craniosacral division

this system has long pre-ganglionic neurons; parasympathetic

this chemical conserves lipids in sections; osmium tetroxide

what color do lipids turn when treated with osmium tetroxide?; black or brown

what color does osmium tetroxide turn myelin? why?; brown, becuase it is a lipo-protein

of the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium, which is coursest?; epineurium (perinuerium is more wavy and less collagenous)

what color does endoneurium stain (H&E)?; pink

this stain makes connective tissue a blue-green; Masson's trichrome

masson's trichrome turns what tissue blue-green?; connective tissue

nuclei are turned purple by this stain; Masson's trichrome

myelin is turned what color by Masson's trichrome?; blotchy white

what shape / color would you expect the nucleus of schwann cell to be in a Masson's trichrome stain of a peripheral nerve?; arched (folded around nerve), purple

to which division are unmyelinated PNS nerves likely to belong? why?; parasympathetic, because the signals sent usually don't have to happen fast

rER is called a "nissl" body when stained with this stain; nissl stain

what color is a nissl body? what structure generates the nissl body?; deep blue; rER

what cell type is found in the ventral horn? what type of neuron is it?; visceral motor neuron, multipolar

what neuron stains well with Nissl? where is this cell type located?; visceral motor neurons, ventral horn of the spinal cord

do multipolar neurons have multiple axons?; no

how does one identify the axon of a multipolar neuron?; the only process with an axon hillock which will stain lighter than the rest of the process because it has lots of MTs but little rER and little mt

what type and subtype of neuron bodies reside in the lateral horn?; visceral motor (autonomic)

this type of neuron gives off one process that quickly splits into two; pseudounipolar

this type of neuron is pseudounipolar and found where; sensory, dorsal root ganglia

large nuclei, lots of euchromatin, and prominent nucleoli are signs of...; high metabolic activity

somatic and visceral motor neurons are of this type (processes); multipolar

these types of cells surround neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain; satellite cells