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red stain; eosin
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red stain eosin
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blue stain; hematoxylin
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blue stain hematoxylin
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number of nuclei in skeletal muscle; many
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location of skeletal muscle nuclei; periphery
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name of a full length muscle cell contractile organelle; myofibril
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sarc in greek; flesh
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diameter of human RBC; 7-8 microns
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thickness of lm sections; 5-7 microns
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do skeletal muscle cells have a basement membrane?; yes
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where is the skeletal muscle basement membrane?; on the outside of the sarcolemma
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fasicles are a group of...; myofibers
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individual muscle cells are held together by the; endomyesium
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this layer runs into and throughout a fascicle; perimyseium
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this is the outer-most layer of a fasicle; epimyseium
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I bands occur where in the sarcomere; where there are not thick filaments
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do I bands change orientation of light?; no
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define the A band; where thick filaments exist
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do A bands change orientation of light?; yes
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what happens at the z line?; thin filaments attach to their backbone
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at what line do thick filaments attach?; M line
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define the H zone; where there is only thick filaments without thin filament overlap, centered around the m line
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thin filaments made of actin or myosin?; actin
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thick filaments made of actin or myosin?; myosin
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where is the atpase unit of myosin; the head
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what ion must be elevated to allow cross-bridge formation? to what concentration?; Ca, 1 mM
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true or false: ADP and Pi are released upon ATP burning by myosin; false
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what are the three domains of troponin and what do they do; C (senses Ca), I (inhibitory, binds actin), and T (interacts with tropomyosin)
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this protein of the thin filament inhibits myosin from binding actin; tropomyosin
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what two proteins binding causes myosin to release Pi?; myosin to actin
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ADP release from myosin is triggered by what event?; the first 45 degree rotation of myosin on actin
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troponinC binds calcium allowing this protein to move; tropomyosin
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how far does tropomyosin move around actin to allow myosin binding?; about 5 minutes on a clock face (30 degrees)
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t tubules are made of what; cell membrane
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t tubules reach into the cell and touch what?; sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae
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what is a triad?; the junction of two terminal cisternae with a T tuble at the A-zone / I-zone junction
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describe the a-zone / i-zone junction; the a zone is where there is no thick filament and the i zone is where there are only thick filaments so the junction is the end of the thick filament
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does the basemement membrane outside the sarcolemma invaginate with the T tubule?; yes, a little
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what is the difference between triads in mammals and other animals?; other animals have a triad in which the T tubule touches the sarcomere at the Z line
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the nerve plate is a synonyme for the...; synapse
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how many muscle fibers can one axon innervate?; one or many
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define a motor unit; a neuron and all the muscles it innervates
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can a neuron fire only a portion of it's motor unit?; no, it is all or nothing
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in the eye, would you predict a large or small number of myofibers for each motor unit?; small because the eye requires very fine movement
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which striated muscle type has branched myofibers?; cardiac
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skeletal myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically
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cardiac myofibers are joined physically, electrically, or both?; physically, electrically
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location of cardiac nuclei; centrally located
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number of cardiac nuclei; 1 or 2
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does cardiac or skeletal muscle have more vascularization?; cardiac
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name the junctions found in an intercalated disk?; facial adherens, macula adherens, gap junctions
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facial adherens are like what type of junction; zonula adherens
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macula adherens are like what type of junction; desmosomes
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what happens at each of the three junctions of the intercalated disk?; thin filaments connect at the facial adherens, thick filaments at the macula adherens, and electrical signals connect at the gap junctions
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do gap junctions hold cells physically together?; no because they don't affect cytoskeleton
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where along the myofiber are gap junctions located?; along the longitudinal membrane
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the atria of the heart can release what hormone?  what is its function?; atrial naturetic peptid, vasodilator, diuretic (water and Na loss at kidney)
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diads are found in this type of muscle; cardiac
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this type of muscle is spindle shaped; smooth muscle
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location and number of smooth muscle nuclei; central, single
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describe a smooth muscle cross-section in terms of cell diameter; there will be a variety of diameters because some cells will be cut toward their ends where they are tapered and some will be cut at the middle where they have a larger diameter
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this muscle type does not have sarcomeres; smooth muscle
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to what type of cytoskeletal fiber are actin and myosin attached in smooth muslce cells?; intermediate filaments
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desmin and vimentin make up what type of cytoskeletal fiber?; intermediate filament
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intermediate filaments are made of what two proteins?; desmin and vimentin
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dense bodies connect what?; thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments
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membrane dense bodies connect what? thin filaments of actin and intermediate filaments
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what two structures link thin and intermediate filaments?; dense bodies and membrane dense bodies
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these structures of smooth muscle generate dark bodies on the membrane and cytoplasm; membrane dense bodies and dense bodies
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this muscle type doesn't require T tubles; smooth muscle cells
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this muscle type may use the state of intermediate filaments to regulate contraction
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smooth muscle uses what cue to cause myosin to assemble into filaments?; phosphorylation of myosin
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in smooth muscle, phosphorylation of myosin causes what?; myosin to form filaments
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for smooth muscle contraction, must myosin be phosed or dephosed? phosphorylated
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which muscle type may generate a corkscrewed nucleus upon contraction?; smooth muscle
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which muscle types have gap junctions?; cardiac and smooth
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what facilitates "unitary smooth muscle" activity?; electrical connectivity via gap junctions
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multi-unit smooth muscle is controlled by gap junctions, neuronal stimulation, or both; neuronal stimulation, mostly
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what cell is capable of regenerating skeletal muscle?; satellite cells
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where to satellite cells live?; just below basement membrane next to skeletal cells
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in a light microscope slide, what does a satellite cell look like?; a peripheral nucleus or a fibroblast
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can smooth muscle regenerate?; yes, most smooth muscle cells can dedifferentiate and replicate
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what are the steps in satellite cell regeneration of skeletal muscle (5)?; satellite cells -> myoblasts -> myotubles -> myofibrillogenesis -> myofiber
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describe myofibrillogenesis (4 things) (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle); formation of myofibrils of myotubes, nuclei pushed outward, fusion, elongation
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describe a myotubule (one step in the regen of skeletal muscle);  long cells, multiple cells bound together
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describe myoblasts; can fuse, don't look like muscle but do have similar expression pattern
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describe myotubes; a syncitium of myoblasts
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does hematoxylin bind acidic or basic particles?; acidic
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is hematoxylin acidic or basic?; basic
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H&E stands for...; hematoxylin and eosin
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with what two elements does hematoxylin react to generate it's color?; Aluminum or iron
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hematoxylin generates what color?; blue
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what color does eosin generate?; red
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does eosin stain acidic or basic particles?; acidic
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chromatin and ribosomes are stained by what stain?; hemotoxylin
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connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are stained by; eosin
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connective tissue, cytoplasm, collagen, muscle fibers, and mt. are turned red by this stain; eosin
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vacant areas on slides may have contained this type of tissue, dissolved during fixation; adipose
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size of RBCs (in a slide and in real life); 7 micrometers, 10 micrometers
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what type of muscle can be found in the uterus, appendix, bladder?; smooth
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in the GI tract, what are the orientations of the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle?; circumferential and longitudinal
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this organ has "interlaced" smooth muscle; uterus
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this organ has disparate bundles of smooth muslce separated by connective tissue; bladder
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what is the difference between the smooth muscle of the uterus and bladder?; bladder muscle is disparate while uterus muscle is interlaced
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what color (and by which stain) does connective tissue stain?; red via eosin
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the soft palate and tongue are made of what type of muscle?; skeletal
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myofibers are surrounded by what layer?; endomyseium
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perimysium surrounds what unit?; bundles
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epimyseium surrounds what unit of muscle?; fasicle or gross muscle unit
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the cns is composed of these two structures; brain, spinal cord
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grey matter of the brain exists in two forms; surrounding white matter and as nuclei in the brain
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this type of "matter" forms neural tracks of the CNS; white
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the PNS is composed of these two structures; ganglia and nerves
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define ganglia; clister of neuronal cell bodies.
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sensory fibers are efferent or afferent?; afferent
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motor fibers are efferent or afferent?; efferent
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name the three types of neurons based on function; excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory
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name the three types of neurons based on processes; multipolar (have many processes), bipolar (have two processes), and pseudounipolar (rare)
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name three ways neurons can be classified; function, NT, number of processes
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name three NTs: gluatmic acid, GABA, NE
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give two synonyms for the neuron cell body; perikaryon, soma
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this cell type has a prominent nucleolus; neuron
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what is a nissl body?; stained rER
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the rER of neurons shows up as this named structure; nissl body
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this pigment stains the lyposome; lipofuscins
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mt of neurons have this particular shape; cucumber
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true or false: primary dendrites branch into smaller dendrites?; true
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small dendrites are called...; spines
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there are two types of dendrites depending on their direction; apical and basal
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this type of dendrite faces away from the cortex of the brain; apical
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basal dendrites face which direction?; toward the cortex
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spines of neurons have what anatomical features; head and neck
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what is the function of spines?; to allow synapsing with neighboring neurons
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how many axons are there per neuron?; one
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the axon hillock is begun by this named structure; the initial segment
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do collaterals or terminal come off the axon first?; collaterals
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the axon hillock is especially dense with this cytoskeletal structure and an organelle...; microtubules and mitocondria
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"fast" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; several hundred mm / day
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"slow" transport along the axon moves at what approximate rate?; a few mm / day
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which motor moves material from the body of a neuron down the axon?; kinesin
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dynein moves material toward...; the soma (retrograde)
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there are two types of neuronal synapses: electrical, chemical
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are chemical or electrical synapses more common in mammals?; chemical
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what structure facilitates electrical synapse?; gap junctions
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which is faster, a chemical or electrical synapse?; electrical
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what are the three components to a chemical neuronal synapse?; presynaptic cell, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell
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can any part of a neuron perform as the post-synaptic area?; yes (dendrite, soma, axon, spine)
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describe three dynamic aspects of spines; length, location, and number of branches
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name the glial cells of the CNA and PNS; oligodendorcytes and schwann cells
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what type of cells produce myelin sheaths?; schwann cells in the PNS
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myelin is a protein with what type of modification?; addition of lipids--a lipoprotein
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how many (and what type of) cells produce the insulation between two nodes of ranvier?; one oligodendrocyte, a schwann cell
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in the PNS or CNS does a single glial cell wrap around many axons?; PNS
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what color is myelin in an EM?; dark, black
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what protein is important for guiding a regenerating neuron?; myelin
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how does "bridnging" work to regenerate neurons?; bridging uses a tube full of schwann cells to generate myelin to help a neuron grow in the right direction when regeneratin
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this type of cell is the most numerous cell in the CNS; astrocyte
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name the two types of astrocytes; fibrous, protoplasmic
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which type of astrocyte (fibrous or protoplasmic) is found in grey matter?; protoplasmic
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an astrocyte with a long, thin processes would be considered what type of astrocyte?; fibrous
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name four functions of astrocytes; physically support neurons, maintain homeostasis, release neurotrophic factors, help transduce signal (?)
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astrocytes are able to connect with epithelium through this structure; "end feet"
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are astrocytes found on the periphery or in the cortex of the CNS?; periphery
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how do astrocytes and neurons interact?; through spines (from either of them)
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this cell type is increased after the brain suffers ischemia; astrocytes
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name the four components of the blood brain barrier; endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocytes' end feet, pericytes
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endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier use this type of juction to keep even ions from passing; occluded junction
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occluded junctions are found in this barrier; blood brain barrier
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a macrophage of the CNS has this name; microglia
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microglia arise from this tissue; bone marrow
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IL4 turns on this immune cell of the CNS; microglia
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microglia can be activated this cytokine; IL4
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of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, which are smallest?; microglia
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microglia are indicated as culprits in what neurodegenerative disease?; MS, they chew up myelin
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what causes the relapsing-remitting course of MS?; multiple exposure to pathogens that activate microglia
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are abs generated in MS?; yes, against myelin
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ependymal cells line what (in the CNS); central canal of spinal cord
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what type of cells are ependymal cells; celiated, cuboidal epithelium
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does white or grey matter form the horns of the spinal cord?; grey
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what type of cells are found in the ventral horn?; motor neurons
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sensory neurons are found in this horn of the spinal cord; dorsal
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any part of the spinal cord that does not contain cells is called; neurophil
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what part of the spinal cord contains white matter?; ascending and descending tracts
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what are the two types of ganglia of the PNS?; sensory, autonomic
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name the two locations of sensory ganglia; cranial and dorsal root
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name the two locations of autonomic ganglia; sympathetic chain, intramural
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what type of cells are associated with sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia?; pseudounipolar / satellite cells, multipolar / satellite cells
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a single neuron has what layer wrapped around it?; endoneurium
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several neurons are bound by the...; perineurium
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this layer covers a nerve bundle; epineurium
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name the major types (and subtypes) of nerves; somatic (sensory and motor) and visceral (sensory and motor)
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at the dorsal root ganglia, what type (somatic or visceral) and subtype (sensory or motor) of nerve would you expect to find?; somatic AND visceral, sensory
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this type-subtype of nerve is very precise as to where came it's signal; somatic, somatic AND motor
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among the somatic nerves, which subtype (motor, sensory) is faster?; motor
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this type of nerve controls smooth muscle, glands, cardiac rhythm, and body homeostasis; visceral nerves
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signal from visceral, sensory nerves generally come from...; internal organs
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which type of sensory nerve is vague in it's location (somatic or visceral)?; visceral
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at what location in the spinal cord can visceral sensory stimulation get confused as somatic sensory?; the dorsal horn
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what NT is used at the sympathetic ganglia?; ach
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what is a "division" synonym for the sympathetic division?; thoracodorsal division
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are preganglionic visceral motor neurons short or long?; short (because they are sympathetic)
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which division provides "awareness and survival" and which type and subtype of neurons are being used?; sympathetic, visceral, motor
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what is a "division" synonym for the parasympathetic division?; craniosacral division
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this system has long pre-ganglionic neurons; parasympathetic
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this chemical conserves lipids in sections; osmium tetroxide
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what color do lipids turn when treated with osmium tetroxide?; black or brown
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what color does osmium tetroxide turn myelin? why?; brown, becuase it is a lipo-protein
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of the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium, which is coursest?; epineurium (perinuerium is more wavy and less collagenous)
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what color does endoneurium stain (H&E)?; pink
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this stain makes connective tissue a blue-green; Masson's trichrome
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masson's trichrome turns what tissue blue-green?; connective tissue
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nuclei are turned purple by this stain; Masson's trichrome
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myelin is turned what color by Masson's trichrome?; blotchy white
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what shape / color would you expect the nucleus of schwann cell to be in a Masson's trichrome stain of a peripheral nerve?; arched (folded around nerve), purple
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to which division are unmyelinated PNS nerves likely to belong? why?; parasympathetic, because the signals sent usually don't have to happen fast
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rER is called a "nissl" body when stained with this stain; nissl stain
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what color is a nissl body? what structure generates the nissl body?; deep blue; rER
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what cell type is found in the ventral horn? what type of neuron is it?; visceral motor neuron, multipolar
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what neuron stains well with Nissl? where is this cell type located?; visceral motor neurons, ventral horn of the spinal cord
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do multipolar neurons have multiple axons?; no
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how does one identify the axon of a multipolar neuron?; the only process with an axon hillock which will stain lighter than the rest of the process because it has lots of MTs but little rER and little mt
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what type and subtype of neuron bodies reside in the lateral horn?; visceral motor (autonomic)
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this type of neuron gives off one process that quickly splits into two; pseudounipolar
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this type of neuron is pseudounipolar and found where; sensory, dorsal root ganglia
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large nuclei, lots of euchromatin, and prominent nucleoli are signs of...; high metabolic activity
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somatic and visceral motor neurons are of this type (processes); multipolar
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these types of cells surround neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain; satellite cells
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this tissue type comes either as cells that line fluid filled spaces or as chords ropes; epithelium
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what tissue type is known to line cavities or surfaces of organs?; epithelium
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this general tissue type forms sheets of cells that work to transport material between compartments; epithelium
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terminal bars are composed of what two structures?; tight junctions and zonular adherens
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on the basolateral surface between two epithelial cells one may see a dark stain representing this structure; terminal bar
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tight junctions are also known as ...; zonula occludins
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describe the two functions of the tight junctions of epithelial cells; keep proteins in their compartment (apical or basolateral), keep ions or molecules from crossing the epithelial barrier
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describe the selectivity of an epithelial tight junctions; how much the cell will let pass between epithelial cells
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name the four proteins important to tight junctions; ZO1, ZO2, Claudin, and occludin
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what two proteins make up zonulin occludins?; ZO1, ZO2
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Claudin, occludin, ZO1, and ZO2 form what structure?; tight junction
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what is the synonym for belt desomsosomes?; zonula adheren
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are zonula occludens or the belt desmosomes more apical on epithelial cells?; zonula occludens
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belt desmosomes connect what?; the cytoskeletons of neighboring cells, especially the terminal web.
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these are considered "spot welds"; macula adherens
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at this connecting structure, there is a "plaque" of proteins and cytoskeletal elements; desmosomes, hemi-desmosomes
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these connecting structures are important to the strength of skin; desmosomses
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this connecting structure is found at the basal aspect of epithelial cells; hemi-desmosomes
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hemi-desmosomes connect what?; epithelial cells and the ECM (connective tissue or basement membrane)
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this protein makes intermediate filaments; keratin
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this type of filament is associated with hemi and full desmosomes; intermediate filaments
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what type of filament makes up the terminal web?; actin
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actin filaments from this structure generate microvilli; the terminal web
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microvilli are made by this type of filament; actin
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cancers are sometimes classified by this cellular component; actin filaments
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when a cancer has actin filaments made of keratin we call it what type of cancer?; carcinoma
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each cell contributes many of these to form a gap jxn; connexon
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protein that forms gap jxns; connexins
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size of gap jxn poor (in molecular weight); 1500 MW
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ion that regulates opening and closing of gap jxns; Ca
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gap jxn in the case of cellular injury? why?; close, because damaged cell releases Ca which causes connexons to close
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a "brush border" is what?; a long duration of microvilli
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striated borders of epithelial cells are also called...; brush borders
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define the glycocalyx"; sugar residues hanging off of glycoproteins and glycolipids of the cell membrane
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this reagent stains the glycocalyx; puriotic reactive schiff reagent
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these are ridges that rise up off of epithelial cells; microplicae
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microplicae are what and made by what?; ridges rising out of epithelial cells, made by actin
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name three epitheilial surface specializations made by actin; microvilli, microplicae, steriocilia
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these are giant microvilli; steriocilia
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location of steriocilia; kidneys and hair cells
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what is the purpose of basal foldings?; to increase surface area
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cilia are composed of what type of filament?; microtubules
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this epithelial specialization is useful for sensing flow; cilia
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difference between cilia and flagella?; flagella is usually singular
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the axoneme is part of what specialization?  what type of cells have these?; cilia / flagella, epithelial cells
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describe the arrangement of motile cilia and primary cilia; 9+2, 9+0
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name five epithelial cell surface specializations; cilia / flagella, steriocilia, microvilli, basal folds, microplicae
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name the two sides of an epithelial cell and their synonyms; apical (lumenal, mucosal) and basal (serosal, abluminal)
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describe the three types of secretion?; merocrine (vesicles), apocrine (dump some membrane into ECF), holocrine (whole cell released)
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describe apocrine secretion (mechanism, location, contents); dumps some of it's own membrane into the ECF, sweat glands of groin and armpits, generally fat and protein
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name two types of cells that secrete proteins; serous cells, neuroendocrine cells
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which type of cells secrete protein in a watery fluid? give an example; serous cells, salivary glands
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what type of secretion do neuroendocrine cells use? into what do they secrete?; merocrine, blood
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give an example of a mucous secreting cell; goblet cells
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what type of molecules make up mucous?; proteins (mucin) covered with sugars
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how does sugar modification affect mucins of mucous secreting cells versus neuroendocrine cells which also secrete protein?; the mucous proteins cannot be concentrated as much because they require water (osmolarly)
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steroid synthesizing epithelial cells have lots of...; sER, mt, shelf-like cristae, fat droplets
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what type of epithelial cell is found in the sweat gland, mammary gland, lacrimal gland, and salivary gland?; myepithelial cell
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myoepithelial cells are found between what two layers?; basement membrane and lumenal epithelium (they are the basal cell lamina)
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these epithelial cells are progenitors of other epithelial tissues; myoepithelial cells
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basal lamina is a synonym for the...; basement membrane
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what layers make up the basement membrane?; lamina densa and lamina rara (lucida) (NOT the lamina reticularis)
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the lamina licida is also called the lamina...; rara
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where is the lamina reticularis located?; next to but not part of the basement membrane
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name three cell types that generally have a basement membrane; epithelium, nerves, muscles
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basement membrane contains what type of collagen?; type 4
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does type 4 collagen for fibers?; no, produces a felt-type of mesh
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basement membrane is made of what two biomolecules?; type 4 collagen, glycoproteins
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what type of glycoproteins are found in the basement membrane?; laminin, heparen sulfate proteoglycan
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this laminar structure can help cells differentiate and knwo what type of cell to become; basement membrane
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blistering diseases can arise from what pathology of the basement membrane?; poor anchoring of proteins
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name four functions of the basememnt membrane; anchoring, signaling (differentiation), molecular filtering (think glomerulus), cellular filtering (think blood vessels)
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name the three shapes of epithelium; squamous, columnar, cuboidal
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name and describe the four types of layering of epitheilium; simple (one layer), stratified (multiple layers), transitional (umbrella cells and stretchable), pseudostratified (looks but isn't stratified)
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what type of epithelium layering is found in the urinary passage and the bladder?; transitional epithelium
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what are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?; keratinized and unkeratinized
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in epithelium, this is a location of weakness and lymphocyte accumulation; where two different types of epithelium meet
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name the two types of glands and their subtypes; unicellular and multicellular (simple and complex)
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this type of gland has no ducts; unicellular
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do all multicellular glands have ducts?; the simplest don't have ducts but most multicellular glands have ducts
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what differentiates a simple or complex multicellular gland?; whether the duct is branched or not
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what type and subtype of gland are exocrine glands?; complex multicellular
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what are the two types of secretory units of exocrine glands?; elongated (tubular) and rounded (acinar)
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how do serous and mucus cells stain differently? why?; serous cells are basophillic and stain with eosin (deep pink) whereas mucus cells stain very faintly
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what type of gland is the submandibular gland? what type of duct and secretory unit does it have? what type of secretion?; compound multicellular, complex (branched) ducts, tubularacinar (both tubular and rounded) secretory unit, mixed (both serous and mucus)
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why does PAS (periodic acid-schiff stain) stain mucus cells deep magenta?; because mucus cells have lots of carbohydrates on their proteins
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what method of secretion does the submandibular gland use?; merocrine (for both mucus and serous secretions)
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PAS stains the basement membrane what color?; deep magenta, because of the glycoproteins
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layers of vessels are called; tunics
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name the three layers of the vessels; tunica intima (closest to lumen), tunica intermedia, tunica adventitia
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+
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second name for tunica adventitia; tunica externa
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which vessel tunic contains muscle?; tunica intermedia
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vessels surving vessels are called...; vasa vesorum
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thickness of cell membrane (nm); 10 nm
+
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capillaries have which tunics?; only the tunica intima
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what cell type that accompanies capillaries can form new blood vessels?; pericytes
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what makes continuous capillaries unique?; they have a relatively thick layer of cytoplasm
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+
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more leaky: fenestrated caps with or without diaphragm?; without
+
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type of capillaries that proteins and cells can fit through?; sinusoidal
+
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+
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name the four types of capillaries; continuous, fenestrated, fenestrated with diaphragm
+

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