08/23/06
From Biolk483
(Difference between revisions)
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*Generally Good Ideas: | *Generally Good Ideas: | ||
**Do not get behind. | **Do not get behind. | ||
| - | **Make | + | **Make [[study groups]]. |
**Recopy notes...perhaps by putting them up on this wiki. :) | **Recopy notes...perhaps by putting them up on this wiki. :) | ||
**Dr. Stillwell has no office hours; come in whenever. | **Dr. Stillwell has no office hours; come in whenever. | ||
Revision as of 19:46, 9 September 2006
Contents |
Introduction / Information
- Dr. Stillwell
- First taught biochemistry in 1980
- Membrane biophysics (structure and function) is his specialty
- He is an editor of a journal that sees 400+ abstracts each year and excepts about 30.
- He is writing a textbook on membranes.
- He has terrible health, especially his eyes.
- Exams
- There will be three exams
- The first exam will be mid-October and will cover some of proteins.
- The second exam will be near Thanksgiving.
- Both Exam 1 and Exam 2 are worth 100 points each; the final is worth 200 points.
- He has the hardest exams ever:
- The first exam usually sees an average of about 44-49% (class average).
- The second exam is generally around at 50% class average.
- Overall class grade of 65% gets curved up to an 'A', generally.
- Exams are only over class notes!
- Exams are only over class notes!!
- Exams are only over class notes!!!
- The multiple choice sections are the hardest.
- Generally Good Ideas:
- Do not get behind.
- Make study groups.
- Recopy notes...perhaps by putting them up on this wiki. :)
- Dr. Stillwell has no office hours; come in whenever.
Early Vertebrate Evolution
- Features that came later in some vertebrates include lungs, teeth, eggs, etc.
- Four (4) key features evolved in early vertebrates
1. Large Brain
- Necessary to sense environ and move quickly
- All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with an increased concentration of nervous tissue at the anterior end.
2. Internal Skeleton
- Can grow without having to molt
- Supports larger weight
3. Rapid Movement
- Facilitated by fixed attachment of muscles (to the skeleton)
4. Large Size
- Supported by internal skeleton
- Vertebrates could grow more quickly because they could move to food sources instead of filter feeding (waiting for food to float by).
Focus on Fish
- Vertebrates have two (2) superclasses, and therefore fish can be broken down by which vertebrate superclass they belong to.
1. Jawless Vertebrates (agnatha)
- Includes lampreys (suck blood), hagfish, etc.
2. Jawed Vertebrates
- Includes shark, salmon, humans
- Can injest large food particles.
- Jaws evolved from gill supports.
Two (2) major groups
1. The Class Chondrichthyes
- Chond = cartilage, ichthyes = fish.
- Includes sharks and reyes
- Cartilage skeleton (a secondary loss of bone, meaning they had cartilage, then bone, then evolved away from bone again)
- Only 750 extant species known.
- Well developed sensory system (smell, eyesight, lateral line, etc.)
2. The Class Osteichthyes
- Known as boney fish.
- About 30k extant species
- Operculum = gill cover that allows stationary position.
- Have well developed color vision
- Note coral reef fishes
Three groups of boney fish
1. Ray Finned Fish
- Most of the fish we know
- Salmon, rockfish, goldfish
2. Lobe Finned Fish
- One or two extant species
- In genus Coelacanth
- Live deep in the ocean around Southern Africa and Indonesia
- Lobes are thick and muscular which is a preadaptation for life on land.
3. Lung Fish
- Found around South America and Africa
- Fewere than 100 species known.
Problem with Boney Fish
- No trait to unite the group.
- Osteichthyes is paraphyletic.
Problems with Existing Rank Taxonomy
- Many traditional groups are paraphyletic (especially in the vertebrates).
- Rank levels are not equivalent across the group.
- We need more than eight (8) ranks.
Solutions
- Throw out the ranks and just name all the monophyletic groups.
- video....
