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==Role ==
==Role ==
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[[Image:Dag Hammarskj�¶ld june 1959.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Dag Hammarskj�¶ld]] was an unusually active UN Secretary-General from 1953 to his death in 1961. Hammarskj�¶ld acted as a mediator during the Suez Crisis and the 1960 capture of a US reconnaissance plane by the USSR. He also established the United Nations Emergency Force, which was the first UN peacekeeping force.
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[[Image:Dag Hammarskjöld june 1959.jpg|thumb|240px|right|[[Dag Hammarskjöld]] was an unusually active UN Secretary-General from 1953 to his death in 1961. Hammarskjöld acted as a mediator during the Suez Crisis and the 1960 capture of a US reconnaissance plane by the USSR. He also established the United Nations Emergency Force, which was the first UN peacekeeping force.
The Secretary-General was envisioned by [[United States|U.S.]] [[President of the United States|president]] Franklin D. Roosevelt  as a "world moderator" but the office was defined in the [[UN Charter]] as the organization's "chief administrative officer" (Article 97). Nevertheless, this more restricted description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues, to various degrees.  
The Secretary-General was envisioned by [[United States|U.S.]] [[President of the United States|president]] Franklin D. Roosevelt  as a "world moderator" but the office was defined in the [[UN Charter]] as the organization's "chief administrative officer" (Article 97). Nevertheless, this more restricted description has not prevented the office holders from speaking out and playing important roles on global issues, to various degrees.  
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Secretaries-General serve for renewable five-year terms; most have served two terms. The [[United Nations Charter]] provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] upon the nomination of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council.  
Secretaries-General serve for renewable five-year terms; most have served two terms. The [[United Nations Charter]] provides for the Secretary-General to be appointed by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] upon the nomination of the [[United Nations Security Council]]. Therefore, the selection is subject to the veto of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council.  
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The Charter's minimal language has since been supplemented by other procedural rules and accepted practices. In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the permanent members of the Security Council, althrough [[Priya Aziz-Green]] broke this rule in 2009 (but note that she was both an American and an Indian national). An accepted practice of regional rotation has also been adopted in the selection of successive candidates. This has strangely, though, resulted in no North American holder of the office. The ability of candidates to converse in both English and French is also considered an unofficial qualification for the office.
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The Charter's minimal language has since been supplemented by other procedural rules and accepted practices. In practice, the Secretary-General cannot be a national of any of the permanent members of the Security Council, althrough [[Priya Aziz-Green]] broke this rule in 2009 (but note that she was an Indian-American). An accepted practice of regional rotation has also been adopted in the selection of successive candidates. This has strangely, though, resulted in no North American holder of the office. The ability of candidates to converse in both English and French is also considered an unofficial qualification for the office.
Most Secretaries-General are compromise-candidates from middle powers and with little prior fame.  High-profile candidates are often touted for the job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable to some.  For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower and Anthony Eden were considered for the first Secretary-General position, but were rejected in favour of the uncontroversial Norwegian Trygve Lie. Due to [international politics and mechanicisms of political compromise, there are many similarities between the process and ideals for selecting the Secretary-General and those of selecting leading figures in other international organizations, including the election of Popes in the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
Most Secretaries-General are compromise-candidates from middle powers and with little prior fame.  High-profile candidates are often touted for the job, but are almost always rejected as unpalatable to some.  For instance, figures like Charles de Gaulle, Dwight Eisenhower and Anthony Eden were considered for the first Secretary-General position, but were rejected in favour of the uncontroversial Norwegian Trygve Lie. Due to [international politics and mechanicisms of political compromise, there are many similarities between the process and ideals for selecting the Secretary-General and those of selecting leading figures in other international organizations, including the election of Popes in the [[Roman Catholic Church]].
In the early 1960s, Soviet ruler Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position.  The numerical superiority of the Western powers meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would typically be sympathetic towards the West.  Khrushchev advanced a proposal to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"):  one member from the Western world, one from the Communist bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned Movement powers.  This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.
In the early 1960s, Soviet ruler Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position.  The numerical superiority of the Western powers meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would typically be sympathetic towards the West.  Khrushchev advanced a proposal to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person leading council (a "troika"):  one member from the Western world, one from the Communist bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned Movement powers.  This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.
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==Secretaries-General==
==Secretaries-General==
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|1||[[Image:Trygve Lie Bio Photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Trygve Halvdan Lie]]'''||[[1 February]] [[1946]] &ndash; <br>[[10 November]] [[1952]]||{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Resigned||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg1bio.html ''Trygve Haldvan Lie (Norway)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.<
|1||[[Image:Trygve Lie Bio Photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Trygve Halvdan Lie]]'''||[[1 February]] [[1946]] &ndash; <br>[[10 November]] [[1952]]||{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Resigned||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg1bio.html ''Trygve Haldvan Lie (Norway)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.<
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|2||[[Image:Dag HammarskjÃ�¶ld june 1959.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Dag HammarskjÃ�¶ld]]'''||[[10 April]] [[1953]] &ndash; <br>[[18 September]] [[1961]]||{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Died in a plane crash in [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]])||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg2bio.html ''Dag HammarskjÃ�¶ld (Sweden)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|2||[[Image:Dag Hammarskjöld june 1959.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Dag Hammarskjöld]]'''||[[10 April]] [[1953]] &ndash; <br>[[18 September]] [[1961]]||{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Died in a plane crash in [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[Zambia]])||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg2bio.html ''Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|3||[[Image:U Thant Bio Photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[U Thant]]'''||[[30 November]] [[1961]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1971]]||[[Image:Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg|20px]] [[Myanmar]]<br > ''(Asia)''||Retired after second term for personal reasons||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg3bio.html ''U Thant (Myanmar)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
|3||[[Image:U Thant Bio Photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[U Thant]]'''||[[30 November]] [[1961]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1971]]||[[Image:Flag of Burma (1948-1974).svg|20px]] [[Myanmar]]<br > ''(Asia)''||Retired after second term for personal reasons||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg3bio.html ''U Thant (Myanmar)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|4||[[Image:Kurt_Waldheim_color_head_photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Kurt Waldheim]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1972]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1981]]||{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]<br > ''(Europe)''|| [[People's Republic of China|China]] [[Veto|vetoed]] his third term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg4bio.html ''Kurt Waldheim (Austria)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
|4||[[Image:Kurt_Waldheim_color_head_photo.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Kurt Waldheim]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1972]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1981]]||{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]<br > ''(Europe)''|| [[People's Republic of China|China]] [[Veto|vetoed]] his third term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg4bio.html ''Kurt Waldheim (Austria)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|5||[[Image:Perez de cuellar.gif|50px]]||'''[[Javier PÃ�©rez de CuÃ�©llar]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1982]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1991]]||{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]]<br > ''(South America)''||Refused a third term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg5bio.html ''Javier PÃ�©rez de CuÃ�©llar (Peru)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|5||[[Image:Perez de cuellar.gif|50px]]||'''[[Javier Pérez de Cuéllar]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1982]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1991]]||{{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]]<br > ''(South America)''||Refused a third term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg5bio.html ''Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|6||[[Image:Boutros Boutros-Ghali.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1992]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1996]]||{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]<br > ''(Africa)''||The [[United States]] vetoed his second term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg6bio.html ''Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
|6||[[Image:Boutros Boutros-Ghali.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1992]] &ndash; <br>[[31 December]] [[1996]]||{{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]<br > ''(Africa)''||The [[United States]] vetoed his second term||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/Overview/SG/sg6bio.html ''Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|7||[[Image:Kofi_Annan.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Kofi Annan]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1997]] &ndash; <br> [[31 December]] [[2006]] ||{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]<br > ''(Africa)''||Retired||The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/pages/sg_biography.html ''The Biography of Kofi A. Annan''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|7||[[Image:Kofi_Annan.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Kofi Annan]]'''||[[1 January]] [[1997]] &ndash; <br> [[31 December]] [[2006]] ||{{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]<br > ''(Africa)''||Retired||[The United Nations: [http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/pages/sg_biography.html ''The Biography of Kofi A. Annan''].  Accessed 13 December 2006.
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|8||[[Image:Bankimoon.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Ban Ki-moon]]'''||[[1 January]] [[2007]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]<br > ''(Asia)''||First South Korean to run for Secretary-General.  Died of a heart attack in [[2008]]||http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=122&Body=Ban+Ki-moon Ban Ki-moon is sworn in as next Secretary-General of the United Nations]
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|8||[[Image:Bankimoon.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Ban Ki-moon]]'''||[[1 January]] [[2007]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]<br > ''(Asia)''||First South Korean to run for Secretary-General.  Died of a heart attack in [[2008]]|[http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocusRel.asp?infocusID=122&Body=Ban+Ki-moon Ban Ki-moon is sworn in as next Secretary-General of the United Nations]
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|8||[[Image:sheffield.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Monday J. Sheffield]]'''||[[2008]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]<br > ''(Europe)''||First female Secretary-General of the Unitd Nations.  Died from a hit-and-run car accident in [[2009]]||[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?showtopic=2104]  
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|8||[[Image:sheffield.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Monday J. Sheffield]]'''||[[2008]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]]<br > ''(Europe)''||First female Secretary-General of the Unitd Nations.  Died from a hit-and-run car accident in [[2009]]|[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?showtopic=2104]  
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|8||[[Image:priya_aziz-green.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Priya Aziz-Green]]'''|| [[2009]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]<br > ''(North America)''||First North American Secretary-General of the United Nations.  Resigned due to personal reasons in 2011.||[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?s=&showtopic=2083&view=findpost&p=52779]  
|8||[[Image:priya_aziz-green.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Priya Aziz-Green]]'''|| [[2009]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]<br > ''(North America)''||First North American Secretary-General of the United Nations.  Resigned due to personal reasons in 2011.||[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?s=&showtopic=2083&view=findpost&p=52779]  
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|8||[[Image:oliverjacobsen.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Oliver Jacobsen]]'''||[[2011]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Second Secretary-General of the United Nations from Norway.||[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?showtopic=2104]  
|8||[[Image:oliverjacobsen.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Oliver Jacobsen]]'''||[[2011]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]<br > ''(Europe)''||Second Secretary-General of the United Nations from Norway.||[http://worldsimulations.com/USGS/index.php?showtopic=2104]  
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|8||[[Image:rosemarybanks.jpg|50px]]||'''[[Rosemary Banks]]'''|| [[2014]]&ndash;<br> ||{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[New Zealand]]<br > ''(Asia)''||First New Zealander to become Secretary-General.
 
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