音位降階

From Phonology

Revision as of 20:30, 31 March 2006 by Zhoadon (Talk)

語音學上,音位降階(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間,其聲調上之音位、或語音的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的,但是日語(一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的音位升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示,不過目前Unicode還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 ! 來替代它。

語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說,當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時,比如在加納多威語,第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此,"向下轉移"的特性在下降階浮動聲調台階扮演很重要的角色。

音位降階可以發生在低聲調省略之時,或者出現為浮動聲調的型態,也會隨後留下一個比起其它語音起來是比較低位準的聲調。在班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡,定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。而名詞是獨立型態,且連接上一個母音,在將一個高聲調轉成下降聲調:[bá] 河流 [bâ] 這條河流。然而,當它出現在兩個高聲調之間,它會降低如下的聲調:[bá tɛ́] 它不是一條河流 [bá tɛ́] 它不是所指的河流

Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is 語音省略, or occurs as a 浮動聲調, and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 且在班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡,定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] river; [bâ] the river. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: [bá tɛ́] it's not a river; [bá tɛ́] it's not the river.

Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between 莫拉, or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下:

/kaki//kaki//kaki/
[kákì][kàkí][kàkí]
牡蠣籬笆柿子

In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而,當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ga:,以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。

/kakiga//kakiga//kakiga/
[kákìgà][kàkígà][kàkīgá]
牡蠣籬笆柿子

參見

Personal tools