音位降階
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Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[語音省略]], or occurs as a [[浮動聲調]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 且在[[班巴拉语|班巴拉語]]裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡，[[冠词|定冠詞]]是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.'' | Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[語音省略]], or occurs as a [[浮動聲調]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 且在[[班巴拉语|班巴拉語]]裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡，[[冠词|定冠詞]]是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.'' | ||
| - | 日語的音調重音也是類似型態。大約有80% | + | 日語的音調重音也是類似型態。大約有80%的日語字彙有一個平滑的上升語調，有些情形也像法語一樣，能夠繼續出現在接下來沒有重音的語法性不變詞(質詞)上頭。不過，一個單字在[[莫拉]]之間可以有音調的下降，或者說在不變詞之前音調就已經下降了。範例如下： |
Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[莫拉]], or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下： | Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[莫拉]], or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下： | ||
Revision as of 20:48, 31 March 2006
在語音學上，音位降階(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之音位、或語音的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是日語(一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的音位升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前Unicode還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 ! 來替代它。
語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在加納的多威語，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在下降階浮動與聲調台階扮演很重要的角色。
音位降階可以發生在低聲調省略之時，或者出現為浮動聲調的型態，也會隨後留下一個比起其它語音起來是比較低位準的聲調。在班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡，定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。而名詞是獨立出現，且連接上一個母音，在將一個高聲調轉成下降聲調：[bá] 河流 [bâ] 這條河流。然而，當它出現在兩個高聲調之間，它會降低如下的聲調：[bá tɛ́] 它不是一條河流 [bá ↓ tɛ́] 它不是所指的河流。
Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is 語音省略, or occurs as a 浮動聲調, and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 且在班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這種語言裡，定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] river; [bâ] the river. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: [bá tɛ́] it's not a river; [bá ↓ tɛ́] it's not the river.
日語的音調重音也是類似型態。大約有80%的日語字彙有一個平滑的上升語調，有些情形也像法語一樣，能夠繼續出現在接下來沒有重音的語法性不變詞(質詞)上頭。不過，一個單字在莫拉之間可以有音調的下降，或者說在不變詞之前音調就已經下降了。範例如下：
Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between 莫拉, or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下：
| /ka↓ki/ | /kaki↓/ | /kaki/ |
| [kákì] | [kàkí] | [kàkí] |
| 牡蠣 | 籬笆 | 柿子 |
獨立來看字義的變化情形是像這邊的，第一個字為"高-低"音調，而第二及第三個字為"低-高"音調的同音異義字。然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ga:，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。
In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ga:，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。
| /ka↓kiga/ | /kaki↓ga/ | /kakiga/ |
| [kákìgà] | [kàkígà] | [kàkīgá] |
| 牡蠣 | 籬笆 | 柿子 |
