變調

From Phonology

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'''變調'''(tone sandhi) refers to tone manipulation rules governing the pronunciation of [[tonal language]]s.  ''變調'' in [[梵文]] means "putting together". Tone-changing processes are active in all tonal languages, but they seem to be more common in some than in others.
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'''變調'''(tone sandhi;tone-changing)即是將[[聲調]]變化之方法使用於字詞音節併合上的處理。''變調'' [[梵文]]裡意思為 "合併在一起"。在所有的聲調性語言裡改變聲調的程序是一種主動形態的作為,不過從某些方面看來也是一種語言上比較普偏性的聲調併合運作形態。
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In [[Mandarin Chinese]], the most common tone sandhi rule is that the leading syllable in a set of two third-tone syllables is raised to the second tone.  For example, ''nǐhǎo'' ([[漢語拼音]], [[中文]] '''你好'''), the most common Mandarin greeting, is pronounced ''níhǎo''.  Tone sandhi in [[Hakka (linguistics)|Hakka]] is more complex; in [[閩南語]], more complex still, with the most complex systems found in [[Wu (linguistics)|Wu]] and [[Jin (linguistics)|Jin]].  As an example of how tone sandi may affect meaning, the [[臺灣話]] morphemes ''kiaⁿ'' (afraid) and ''lâng'' (person) may combine to form the word ''kiaⁿ-lâng'', whose meaning varies according to the tone change.  When pronounced "kiaⁿ7-lâng5", it means "to be afraid of people".  When pronounced "kiaⁿ1-lâng1", it means "frightful".
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[[中文]]裡,最普通的變調規則即是在一組兩個第三聲的合音節中,須將合音節中領先的第一個音節提升到第二聲。舉例來說,''nǐhǎo'' ([[漢語拼音]][[汉字|漢字]]的意思即:'''你好''')為最普通的中文問候語,''nǐ'' 與 ''hǎo'' 都是原調"第三聲",不過合音節第三聲的 ''nǐ'' 須提升為"第二聲" ''ní'',“你好”要唸為 ''níhǎo''。變調在[[客家话|客家話]]裡是比較複雜的;不過在[[閩南語]]裡也是相當複雜的,而最複雜的變調卻是存在於[[吴语|吳語]][[晋语|晉語]]當中。再舉個例子來說明變調是可以影響詞義的,在[[臺灣話]]的[[詞素]]裡 ''hoe''(會,第7聲調)''chiaf''(車,第1聲調)可以組成兩個字 ''hoeachiaf;hoefchiaf'',它的詞意是根據聲調改變而來變化的。當 ''hoe'' 變為"第2聲調" ''hoea'' 時,''hoechiaf'' 意即"貨車"。當 ''hoe'' 變為"第1聲調" ''hoef'' 時,''hoefchiaf'' 意即"火車"
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[[Cherokee language|Cherokee]] has a robust tonal system in which tones may be combined in various ways, following subtle and complex tonal rules that vary from community to community. While the tonal system is undergoing a gradual simplification in many areas (no doubt due to Cherokee often falling victim to second-language status), the tonal system remains extremely important in meaning and is still held strongly by many, especially older speakers.
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[[美國]][[印第安]][[切羅基語]]有一相當強固的聲調系統,其聲調組合有不同的表現方法,且其細膩與複雜的聲調規則卻由一個部落到另一個部落而有所不同的表示。然而在許多的地區(沒有疑問的由於查洛基語經常掉落到第二語言的地位上),聲調系統卻在逐漸地進行簡化的趨向,不過是在許多[[切羅基族]]年長者的身上,舊有的聲調系統卻仍然維持著極端重要的意義,並且始終堅持底固守使用著。
==參見==
==參見==
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*[[普實台文|PSDB]]
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*[[聲調]]
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*[[Tone (linguistics)]]
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*[[连音|連音]]
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*[[Downstep (phonetics)]]
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*[[音位降階]]
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*[[Downdrift]]
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*[[音位升階]](Upstep(phonetics))
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*[[Tone terracing]]
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*[[聲調台階]](tone terracing)
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*[[Tone shift]]
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*[[下降浮動]](downdrift)
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*[[Tone spread]]
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*[[浮動聲調]](floating tone)
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*[[Floating tone]]link
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*[[語音省略]](elision/elided)
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*[[莫拉]](mora)
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*[[普實台文]]
[[Category:語音學]]
[[Category:語音學]]
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[[category:音韻學]]
[[de:Tonsandhi]]
[[de:Tonsandhi]]

Current revision as of 18:33, 3 April 2006

變調(tone sandhi;tone-changing)即是將聲調變化之方法使用於字詞音節併合上的處理。變調梵文裡意思為 "合併在一起"。在所有的聲調性語言裡改變聲調的程序是一種主動形態的作為,不過從某些方面看來也是一種語言上比較普偏性的聲調併合運作形態。

中文裡,最普通的變調規則即是在一組兩個第三聲的合音節中,須將合音節中領先的第一個音節提升到第二聲。舉例來說,nǐhǎo (漢語拼音漢字的意思即:你好)為最普通的中文問候語,hǎo 都是原調"第三聲",不過合音節第三聲的 須提升為"第二聲" ,“你好”要唸為 níhǎo。變調在客家話裡是比較複雜的;不過在閩南語裡也是相當複雜的,而最複雜的變調卻是存在於吳語晉語當中。再舉個例子來說明變調是可以影響詞義的,在臺灣話詞素hoe(會,第7聲調)與 chiaf(車,第1聲調)可以組成兩個字 hoeachiaf;hoefchiaf,它的詞意是根據聲調改變而來變化的。當 hoe 變為"第2聲調" hoea 時,hoechiaf 意即"貨車"。當 hoe 變為"第1聲調" hoef 時,hoefchiaf 意即"火車"。

美國印第安切羅基語有一相當強固的聲調系統,其聲調組合有不同的表現方法,且其細膩與複雜的聲調規則卻由一個部落到另一個部落而有所不同的表示。然而在許多的地區(沒有疑問的由於查洛基語經常掉落到第二語言的地位上),聲調系統卻在逐漸地進行簡化的趨向,不過是在許多切羅基族年長者的身上,舊有的聲調系統卻仍然維持著極端重要的意義,並且始終堅持底固守使用著。

[edit] 參見

en:Tone sandhi fr:Sandhi tonal gl:Sandhi tonal nl:Toon-sandhi

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