語音降階
From Phonology
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| - | 在[[語音學]]上，'''語音降階(downstep) | + | 在[[語音學]]上，'''語音降階'''(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之[[音位]]、或[[语音学|語音]]的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是[[日语|日語]](一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的[[語音升階]]之語音特徵。在[[國際音標]]裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前[[Unicode]]還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 <sup>!</sup> 來替代它。 |
| - | + | 語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在[[加纳|加納]]的[[多威語]]，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在[[下降階浮動]]與[[聲調台階]]扮演很重要的角色。 | |
| - | Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[ | + | Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is [[語音省略]], or occurs as a [[浮動聲調]], and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. [[班巴拉语|班巴拉語]]裡有一個例子出現。在這個語言裡，[[冠词|定冠詞]]是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] ''river;'' [bâ] ''the river''. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: {{IPA|[bá tɛ́]}} ''it's not a river;'' {{IPA|[bá <sup>↓</sup> tɛ́]}} ''it's not the river.'' |
| - | Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[ | + | Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between [[莫拉]], or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下： |
{| | {| | ||
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>ki/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>/}}||{{IPA|/kaki/}} | |{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>ki/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>/}}||{{IPA|/kaki/}} | ||
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||{{IPA|[kákì]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}} | ||{{IPA|[kákì]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}}||{{IPA|[kàkí]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | ||'' | + | ||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子'' |
|} | |} | ||
| - | In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. | + | In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ''ga:''，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。 |
{| | {| | ||
|{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>kiga/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>ga/}}||{{IPA|/kakiga/}} | |{{IPA|/ka<sup>↓</sup>kiga/}}||{{IPA|/kaki<sup>↓</sup>ga/}}||{{IPA|/kakiga/}} | ||
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||{{IPA|[kákìgà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkígà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkīgá]}} | ||{{IPA|[kákìgà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkígà]}}||{{IPA|[kàkīgá]}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | ||'' | + | ||''牡蠣''||''籬笆''||''柿子'' |
|} | |} | ||
==參見== | ==參見== | ||
*[[變調]] | *[[變調]] | ||
| - | *[[連音]] | + | *[[连音|連音]] |
[[category:語音學]] | [[category:語音學]] | ||
Current revision as of 16:54, 3 April 2006
在語音學上，語音降階(downstep-phonetics)用以表示在聲調語言之音節與字詞之間，其聲調上之音位、或語音的"向下轉移"之特性。西非的語言上語音降階是廣為人所知曉的，但是日語(一種非聲調的語言)的音調重音現象是非常類似於非洲語言裡的語音降階特性。語音降階是對比於一般比較少出現的語音升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡"語音降階"的符號是用一個上標的向下指箭頭來表示，不過目前Unicode還沒有支援這種符號。一般我們可以看到是用一個上標的感嘆號 ! 來替代它。
語音降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。舉例來說，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，比如在加納的多威語，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在下降階浮動與聲調台階扮演很重要的角色。
Phonemic downstep may occur when a low tone is 語音省略, or occurs as a 浮動聲調, and leaves a following tone at a lower level than it would otherwise be. 班巴拉語裡有一個例子出現。在這個語言裡，定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。With a noun in isolation, it docks to the preceding vowel, turning a high tone into a falling tone: [bá] river; [bâ] the river. However, when it occurs between two high tones, it downsteps the following tone: [bá tɛ́] it's not a river; [bá ↓ tɛ́] it's not the river.
Japanese pitch accent is similar. About 80% of Japanese words have an evenly rising pitch, something like French, which carries over onto following unstressed grammatical particles. However, a word may have a drop in pitch between 莫拉, or before the grammatical particle. 範例如下：
| /ka↓ki/ | /kaki↓/ | /kaki/ |
| [kákì] | [kàkí] | [kàkí] |
| 牡蠣 | 籬笆 | 柿子 |
In isolation like this, the first word has a high-low pitch, whereas the second and third are homonyms with a low-high pitch. 然而，當後接所謂"主語性"的不變詞 ga:，以致造成所有三個語詞是不相同的。
| /ka↓kiga/ | /kaki↓ga/ | /kakiga/ |
| [kákìgà] | [kàkígà] | [kàkīgá] |
| 牡蠣 | 籬笆 | 柿子 |
