三十六字母
From Phonology
(Difference between revisions)
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|+ '''三十六字母''' | |+ '''三十六字母''' | ||
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| - | |colspan=3|[[发音部位]]||rowspan=2|全清||rowspan=2|次清||rowspan=2|全浊||rowspan=2|次浊 | + | |colspan=3|[[发音部位]]||rowspan=2| 全清 ||rowspan=2| 次清 ||rowspan=2| 全浊 ||rowspan=2| 次浊 |
|- | |- | ||
|新名||colspan=2|旧名 | |新名||colspan=2|旧名 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[双唇音]]||rowspan=2|唇音||重唇音||帮<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[p]</span>||滂<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[pʰ]</span>||并<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[b]</span>||明<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[m]</span> | + | |[[双唇音]]||rowspan=2|唇音||重唇音||帮<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[p]</span><br>b||滂<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[pʰ]</span><br>p||并<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[b]</span><br> ||明<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[m]</span><br>m |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[唇齿音]]||轻唇音||非<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[f]</span>||敷<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[fʰ]</span>||奉<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[v]</span>||微<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɱ]</span> | + | |[[唇齿音]]||轻唇音||非<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[f]</span><br>f||敷<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[fʰ]</span><br> ||奉<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[v]</span><br> ||微<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɱ]</span><br> |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[齿龈音]]||rowspan=2|舌音||舌头音||端<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[t]</span>||透<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[tʰ]</span>||定<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[d]</span>||泥<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[n]</span> | + | |[[齿龈音]]||rowspan=2|舌音||舌头音||端<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[t]</span><br>d||透<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[tʰ]</span><br>t||定<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[d]</span><br> ||泥<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[n]</span><br>n |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[齿颚音]]||舌上音||知<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȶ]</span>||彻<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȶʰ]</span>||澄<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȡ]</span>||娘<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȵ]</span> | + | |[[齿颚音]]||舌上音||知<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȶ]</span><br> ||彻<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȶʰ]</span><br> ||澄<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȡ]</span><br> ||娘<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȵ]</span><br> |
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| - | |rowspan=2|[[齿龈音]]||rowspan=4|齿音||rowspan=2|齿头音||精<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ts]</span>||清<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[tsʰ]</span>||从<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[dz]</span>|| | + | |rowspan=2|[[齿龈音]]||rowspan=4|齿音||rowspan=2|齿头音||精<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ts]</span><br>z||清<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[tsʰ]</span><br>c||从<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[dz]</span><br> || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |心<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[s]</span>|| ||邪<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[z]</span>|| | + | |心<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[s]</span><br>s|| ||邪<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[z]</span><br> || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |rowspan=2|[[齿颚音]]||rowspan=2|正齿音||照<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʨ]</span>||穿<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʨʰ]</span>||床<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʥ]</span>|| | + | |rowspan=2|[[齿颚音]]||rowspan=2|正齿音||照<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʨ]</span><br>j||穿<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʨʰ]</span><br>q||床<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʥ]</span><br> || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |审<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɕ]</span>|| ||禅<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʑ]</span>|| | + | |审<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɕ]</span><br>x|| ||禅<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ʑ]</span><br> || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[舌根音]]||colspan=2|牙音||见<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[k]</span>||溪<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[kʰ]</span>||群<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[g]</span>||疑<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ŋ]</span> | + | |[[舌根音]]||colspan=2|牙音||见<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[k]</span><br>g||溪<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[kʰ]</span><br>k||群<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[g]</span><br> ||疑<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ŋ]</span><br>ng |
|- | |- | ||
| - | | ||rowspan=3 colspan=2|喉音||影<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">Ø</span>|| || || | + | | ||rowspan=3 colspan=2|喉音||影<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">Ø</span><br> || || || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[舌根音]]||晓<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[x]</span>|| ||匣<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɣ]</span>|| | + | |[[舌根音]]||晓<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[x]</span><br>h|| ||匣<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ɣ]</span><br> || |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[硬颚音]]|| || || ||喻<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[j]</span> | + | |[[硬颚音]]|| || || ||喻<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[j]</span><br>y |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[齿龈音]]||colspan=2|半舌音|| || || ||来<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[l]</span> | + | |[[齿龈音]]||colspan=2|半舌音|| || || ||来<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[l]</span><br>l |
|- | |- | ||
| - | |[[齿颚音]]||colspan=2|半齿音|| || || ||日<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȵʑ]</span> | + | |[[齿颚音]]||colspan=2|半齿音|| || || ||日<br><span style="font-family:{{IPA fonts}}">[ȵʑ]</span><br> |
|} | |} | ||
[[category:漢語音韻學]] | [[category:漢語音韻學]] | ||
[[ja:三十六字母]] | [[ja:三十六字母]] | ||
Revision as of 06:05, 9 May 2005
三十六字母是宋朝韵图上用来代表中古汉语的声类的字母系统。三十六字母的系统和《切韵》的声类体系相吻合，但是这个系统忽略了《切韵》的一些重要的声类，但是清朝的学者陈澧通过严密的研究发现了三十六字母的不足，并提出了更完整的声类系统。
关于三十六字母的发明人是谁，至尽尚未定论。王应麟《玉海》一文中认为是守温所造。
按照《韵经》，三十六字母系统如下：
| 发音部位 | 全清 | 次清 | 全浊 | 次浊 | ||
| 新名 | 旧名 | |||||
| 双唇音 | 唇音 | 重唇音 | 帮 [p] b | 滂 [pʰ] p | 并 [b] | 明 [m] m |
| 唇齿音 | 轻唇音 | 非 [f] f | 敷 [fʰ] | 奉 [v] | 微 [ɱ] | |
| 齿龈音 | 舌音 | 舌头音 | 端 [t] d | 透 [tʰ] t | 定 [d] | 泥 [n] n |
| 齿颚音 | 舌上音 | 知 [ȶ] | 彻 [ȶʰ] | 澄 [ȡ] | 娘 [ȵ] | |
| 齿龈音 | 齿音 | 齿头音 | 精 [ts] z | 清 [tsʰ] c | 从 [dz] | |
| 心 [s] s | 邪 [z] | |||||
| 齿颚音 | 正齿音 | 照 [ʨ] j | 穿 [ʨʰ] q | 床 [ʥ] | ||
| 审 [ɕ] x | 禅 [ʑ] | |||||
| 舌根音 | 牙音 | 见 [k] g | 溪 [kʰ] k | 群 [g] | 疑 [ŋ] ng | |
| 喉音 | 影 Ø | |||||
| 舌根音 | 晓 [x] h | 匣 [ɣ] | ||||
| 硬颚音 | 喻 [j] y | |||||
| 齿龈音 | 半舌音 | 来 [l] l | ||||
| 齿颚音 | 半齿音 | 日 [ȵʑ] | ||||
