Collaborative Interpretation of Lost Highway
From Lost Highway
| Directed by | David Lynch |
| Written by | David Lynch, Barry Gifford |
| Starring | Patricia Arquette, Bill Pullman, Balthazar Getty, Robert Blake, Robert Loggia, et al |
| Music by | Angelo Badalamenti, Trent Reznor, Barry Adamson, et al |
| Produced by | Deepak Nayar, Mary Sweeney, Tom Sternberg |
| Distributed by | October Films |
| Runtime | 135 min. |
| Aspect Ratio | 2.35:1 |
| MPAA Rating | R for bizarre violent and sexual content, and for strong language |
| Filming locales | Los Angeles, CA; Barstow, CA; Death Vally Junction, CA |
| Filming dates | Sep. 1995 - Feb. 1996 |
| Release dates | Jan. - Apr. 1997 |
| Budget | $15,000,000 (estimated) |
| IMDb Listing and DVD Comparison | |
Contents |
Introduction and General Overview
In a note at the beginning of the screenplay, David Lynch described Lost Highway in what reads like a series of taglines:
"A 21st Century Noir Horror Film.
A graphic investigation into parallel identity crises.
A world where time is dangerously out of control.
A terrifying ride down the lost highway."
Lost Highway is a dark and erotic psychological thriller that explores themes of infidelity, jealousy, and violence. It is an example of contemporary film noir combined with surreal images and plot developments.
Linear plot outline in three parts
Lost Highway can be described as having three parts.
- In the first part, Lost Highway introduces jazz musician Fred Madison and his wife, who are played by Bill Pullman and Patricia Arquette. Though no acts of infidelity are shown to the audience, Fred is portrayed as fearing that Renee is cheating on him. And though Fred does not express his sexual anxieties, a tense and uncomfortable sex scene portrays Fred as fearing that Renee does not want him and that he does not satisfy her. The first segment of Lost Highway ends with Fred murdering Renee and mysteriously transforming into another man, Pete Dayton, in his jail cell.
- In the second part, Pete Dayton, a young auto mechanic played by Balthazar Getty, has a passionate sexual affair with a woman named Alice Wakefield, played by Patricia Arquette. However, Alice is virtually under the possession of a powerful and violent mafia-boss-like man named Dick Laurent, a.k.a. Mr. Eddy, played by Robert Loggia, though Alice and Mr. Eddy are not married. Moreover, Alice is portrayed as a pornographic actress and as using sex for personal gain. The second segment of Lost Highway ends with Alice defying Pete's desire to possess her and Pete transforming back into Fred Madison.
- In the third, and shortest, part, which may or may not a remembering of earlier events, Fred finds Renee and Dick Laurent together, having sex, at the "Lost Highway" hotel. As well, it is now Renee who is shown in a pornographic film. The film ends with Fred murdering Laurent and driving into the desert in flight from the police.
General overview
One way to present a general overview of Lost Highway, without committing to a single theory of "what really happened," is to say that Lost Highway unfolds and explores the inner workings of Fred Madison's fears and fantasies regarding his wife Renee. Fred’s fantasies and fears are full of contradictions, but they play themselves out in the following ways:
- Fred murders Renee (first portrayed in Fred's dream, prior to the murder)
- he is her virile lover and she cannot get enough of him (as portrayed through Pete Dayton and Alice)
- she is possessed by another man (Mr. Eddy) and she is a whore (as depicted through her relationship to Andy, the pornographic filmmaker)
- he finds her with another man and kills him (this happens twice: Pete finds Alice with Andy, and Fred finds Renee with Laurent)
- she eludes his possession (Pete: "I want you Alice." / Alice: "You’ll never have me.")
Another way to present a general overview of Lost Highway is to say that it is a "metafilm," that is, a film about film. More specifically, Lost Highway uses non-linear narratives to examine multiple facets of a prototypical film scenario: the adulterous wife and the jealous husband.
Narrative Method and Plot Development
Lost Highway develops by means of the carefully orchestrated repetition and reconfiguration of thematic elements.
After revealing Fred’s murderous desire to possess Renee, the film introduces doubles (Pete and Alice) while inverting key characteristics: Fred is an inadequate lover, whereas Pete is a virile lover; Fred is middle-aged, whereas Pete is young; Renee is unsatisfied, whereas Alice is insatiable; Renee is a dark brunette, whereas Alice is a platinum blonde.
Through the doubles, implicit themes and dynamics are made explicit:
- she is possessed by another man (Mr. Eddy/Dick Laurent)
- she is a whore (as depicted through her relationship to Andy, the pornographic filmmaker)
- he is threatened by the possessive 'other man' (literally: Mr. Eddy threatens Pete with a gun)
- he kills the man associated with her whorishness (Andy)
The character inversions are then exposed as lies driven by the truth that she eludes his possession:
Pete: "I want you Alice."
Alice:"You’ll never have me."
(...Pete transforms into Fred...)
Fred: "Where's Alice?"
Mystery Man: "Her name is Renee! If she told you her name is Alice, she’s lying. And your name?... What the f*ck is your name?"
Reintroducing the original pair of Fred and Renee, the concluding section of the film synthesizes and resolves the plot’s development (compare with the following with the preceding list of bullet points):
- Renee is with the possessive 'other man' (Mr. Eddy/Dick Laurent)
- she is a whore (as depicted with Renee in the porn film)
- Fred beats the possessive 'other man' with a gun, while wearing his counterpart's virile clothes (Fred wears Pete's motorcycle jacket throughout the concluding section of the film)
- Fred murders Laurent (with the help of the Mystery Man)
For more detailed analyses of the repetition and reconfiguration of thematic elements, see Psychogenic Fugue: Musical below and Lost Highway Scene Analyses: Repetitions in Lost Highway.
Freytag analysis
Gustav Freytag's model of dramatic structure can also be used to interpret the structure of Lost Highway.
Freytag divides a dramatic structure into five elements into five parts:
- exposition (and inciting incident)
- rising action
- climax (or turning point)
- falling action
- dénouement or catastrophe (resolution) (depending upon whether the narrative is a comedy or a tragedy)
Freytag's analysis of dramatic structure is sometimes represented by means of a visual aid known as Freytag's Pyramid.
Exposition The exposition ends with the inciting moment, which is the single incident in the story's action without which there would be no story. The inciting moment sets the remainder of the story in motion beginning with the second act, the rising action.
Rising action During the rising action, the basic conflict is complicated by the introduction of related secondary conflicts, including various obstacles that frustrate the protagonist's attempt to reach his or her goal. Secondary conflicts can include adversaries of lesser importance than the story's antagonist, who may work with the antagonist or separately, by and for themselves.
Climax (turning point) The third act is that of the climax, or turning point, which marks a change, for the better or the worse, in the protagonist's affairs. If the story is a comedy, things will have gone badly for the protagonist up to this point; now, the tide, so to speak, will turn, and things will begin to go well for him or her. If the story is a tragedy, the opposite state of affairs will ensue, with things going from good to bad for the protagonist.
Falling action
Template:Main During the falling action, the conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist unravels, with the protagonist winning or losing against the antagonist. The falling action might contain a moment of final suspense, during which the final outcome of the conflict is in doubt.
Dénouement or catastrophe
Template:Main The comedy ends with a denouement (a conclusion) in which the protagonist is better off than he or she was at the story's outset. The tragedy ends with a catastrophe in which the protagonist is worse off than he or she was at the beginning of the narrative.
Although Freytag's analysis of dramatic structure is based on five-act plays, it can be applied (sometimes in a modified manner) to short stories and novels as well.
Theories of Lost Highway
At the most general level, theories of Lost Highway as a whole diverge over questions about "what really happened."
Two questions in particular serve to differentiate several different approaches to interpreting the film.
- Does Fred transform into Pete in his jail cell, or does Fred imagine transforming into Pete?
- If one interprets Fred’s transformation into Pete as imagined, then a subsequent question arises: did Fred actually Andy and Laurent, or did Fred imagine these murders.
Depending on how one answers the above questions, the following interpretive approaches emerge:
- Fred imagines transforming into Pete, and:
- Fred actually murdered both Laurent and Andy: Fred murders Laurent, then Renee, then Andy. Then he imagines transforming into Pete, but the repressed realities of his past begin to creep back in. The chronology for triple-homicide is as follows: Fred murders Laurent prior to the scenes we see at the beginning of the film, and he murders Renee and Andy after Andy’s party.
- Fred actually murdered Laurent and imagines murdering Andy: Fred murders Laurent and Renee, imagines transforming into Pete and killing Andy, then the repressed realities of his past begin to creep back in.
- Fred actually murdered Andy and imagines murdering Laurent: Fred murders Renee and Andy, and then works through his repressed suspicions and desires via his fantasies, though he never actually caught Renee with anyone and he never killed a man named Dick Laurent.
- Fred imagines murdering Andy and imagines murdering Laurent: Fred murders Renee, imagines transforming into Pete, and then works through his repressed suspicions and desires via his fantasies, though he never actually killed Laurent or Andy.
- Fred transform into Pete in his jail cell, and the scenes are left in the chronological order in which they appear in the film: Fred murders Renee, transforms into Pete, becomes Alice’s lover, kills Andy, is rejected by Alice, turns back into Fred, catches Renee with Laurent, then kills Laurent. This interpretation cannot pretend to be realistic. Rather, it lets the film play out the surreal realization of Fred’s contradictory fears and fantasies about Renee, pushing them to their "logical", but contradictory, conclusions. This sort of surrealist interpretation is made possible by the fact that Lost Highway, unlike Wizard of Oz, It's A Wonderful Life, and countless other films, provides no definitive "return to reality" after entering an imagined or alternate world.
Mobius Strip
A mobius strip is continuous one-sided surface made by taking a regular two-sided strip (of paper, for example), turning one end upside down, and attaching it to the other end. One can now trace a continuous line beginning anywhere on the strip and return to the starting point, having traversed both sides of what had been a two-sided strip.
At the end of Lost Highway, Fred returns to the beginning of the film ("Dick Laurent is dead."), having traversed a parallel identity. Fred's journey can thus be seen as having the structure of a mobius strip.
The Mystery Man
Observations
- Fred first sees the Mystery Man immediately after Fred describes his dream to Renee, in which Fred appears to attack Renee.
- At Andy’s party, when the Mystery Man tells Fred "We've met before... at your house... you invited me." Interpretation: The Mystery Man is referring to Fred's dream (which was the Mystery Man's invitation) and Fred's vision of him after describing the dream (which was their first meeting, at Fred's house).
- The Mystery Man is portrayed as being capable of bilocation, being in two places at once: at Fred's house at the same time that he is at Andy's party.
- The Mystery Man tells Fred, "It is not my custom to go where I'm not wanted."
- When Fred asks, "Who are you?", the Mystery Man replies with a sinister laugh.
- Referring to the Mystery Man, Fred asks Andy, "Who's the guy on the stairs? The guy in black?" Andy replies, "I don't know his name. He's a friend of Dick Laurent's, I think."
- The Mystery Man inhabits a cabin that burns backwards.
- The Mystery Man appears in Fred's vision of the cabin immediately before Fred transforms into Pete.
- When Mr. Eddy calls Pete on the phone, he introduces the Mystery Man as "a friend of mine."
- The beginning of the Mystery Man's conversation with Pete is identical to his conversation with Fred at Andy's party: "We've met before, haven't we?"/"I don't think so. Where was it you think we met?"/"At your house. Don't you remember?"/"No, no I don't." The Mystery Man's last line in both conversations is also identical: "It's been a pleasure talking to you."
- Pete and Alice go to the Mystery Man’s cabin to meet a fence who will take the goods stolen from Andy and give them passports. The Mystery Man is a fence, or black market go-between, who receives and sells stolen goods on the black market.
- Pete transforms back into Fred at the Mystery Man's cabin.
- The Mystery Man is portrayed as being capable of teleportation, moving immediately from Andy's car to the cabin porch.
- The Mystery Man chases Fred carrying a video camera whose staticky, black and white images are the same as those from the videotapes left at Fred and Renee's house. Interpretation: The Mystery Man is the source of the videotapes.
Mystery Man as a surreal devil figure
One interprtation of the Mystery Man is that he is a sort of surreal devil figure, who brings Fred's only partially conscious fears and fantasies to their full realization, and who does so by means of a swapping of identites and bodies.
Notice that a "fence," in the sense of a physical boundary, separates yet connects two spaces, just as a "fence," in the sense of a black market dealer, serves as an intermediary or bridge between buyers and sellers of stolen goods. Similarly, the Mystery Man can be seen as an intermediary or bridge between the two worlds of Fred-and-Renee and Pete-and-Alice.
According to this interpretation, it is by way of the Mystery Man that Fred transforms into Pete (after having a vision of the the Mystery Man at his cabin), and it is at the Mystery Man’s cabin, an in-between space, that Pete turns back into Fred. Thus, the Mystery Man enables the transitions between Fred and Pete.
Taking this view, the Mystery Man's role can be seen as a sort devil figure who enables Fred’s innermost fears and fantasies to be realized, fears and fantasies that Fred cannot even admit to himself. The repressed fantasy of murdering Renee, expressed in Fred’s dream, is the Mystery Man’s invitation, but the fantasy of murdering Renee is bound up with a whole host of other fears and desires: Fred fears that she is a whore and that she is possessed by another man; Fred wishes that he could be her virile lover and that she desired him; Fred fears catching her with another man but also fantasizes killing him; Fred fears having Renee reject and elude his possessive grasp.
The Mystery Man allows all these things to come about, revealing along the way that the fantasy of being her virile lover is a lie driven by the truth that she eludes his possession (see the relevant section of Narrative Method and Plot Development above).
Additional Internal Links
Screenplay
- Paperback: Lynch, David and Barry Gifford, Lost Highway, Faber and Faber (1997) (ISBN 0571191509). The book also includes a 15 page interview of Lynch by Chris Rodley.
- Online: The Lost Highway script is available online at the Internet Script Movie Database (IMSDb).
Published works and film reviews
- The Art of the Ridiculous Sublime: On David Lynch's Lost Highway, (ISBN 0295979259) by Slavoj Zizek, 2000.
- Numerous essays and reviews are available at City of Absurdity
External Links
- Lost Highway at Wikipedia
- Lost Highway at The City of Absurdity
- Lost Highway at lynchnet.com
- Lost Highway Explained at Jason's Web
- Comparison between Lost Highway and Mullholland Dr. at Rotten Tomatoes forum
