Organic Chemistry

From Ibstudy

Contents 1 11.1 Homologous series 1.1 Physical Properties of Alkanes 2 11.2 Hydrocarbons 2.1 Alkanes 2.2 Isomerism

11.1 Homologous series

• A homologous series is a set of compounds with one repeating functional group

Physical Properties of Alkanes

• As chain length increases, so does boiling point, as an increased number of electrons causes stronger Van de Waal forces
• The increase in boiling temperature is rapid at first, but flattens off

11.2 Hydrocarbons

• Compounds containing only Hydrogen and carbon
• Three examples,
  • Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

Alkanes

• Alkanes have a CH3 group at each end, and are made up of CH2 groups.
• First five are,
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
  • Pentane

Methane Ethane Propane Butane etc.

Isomerism

• The idea that one hydrocarbon can exist in another form or structure. This will occur if:
  • Each carbon forms four bonds
  • Each hydrogen forms one bond
  • Each oxygen forms two bonds

• If the bonds formed are not straight, the isomer is known to be branched
• Here is an example with C4H10

Butane (C4H10) Methyl Propane (C4H10)

Functional Group Name	Functional Group
Aldehyde	-CHO
Ketone	-CO-
Alcohol	-OH
Carboxylic Acid	-COOH
Amine	-NH2
Amide	-CONH2
Halogenoalkane	-X (Any Halogen)
Ester	-COO-
Ether	-O-