Organic Chemistry

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	====Alkenes====		====Alkenes====
		+
		+	*These structures are similar to the alkanes except two hydrogens are replaced by a double bond between two carbons
		+	*The number '1' in the names refers to the position of the carbon starting the double bond. No numbering is needed in the first two members as there can be no ambiguity
		+
		+	[[Image:Ethene.gif]] Ethene
		+	[[Image:Propene.gif]] Propene
		+	[[Image:But-1-ene.gif]] But<nowiki>-</nowiki>1<nowiki>-</nowiki>ene
		+	[[Image:Pent-1-ene.gif]]Pent<nowiki>-</nowiki>1<nowiki>-</nowiki>ene
		+
		+	====Combustion====
		+	*Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces CO2 and H2O
		+	*Incomplete produces CO, C, and H2O
		+	*Incomplete combustion is where the carbon is not completely oxidized
		+
		+	==11.3 Other Functional Groups==
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Revision as of 20:33, 5 January 2008

Contents 1 11.1 Homologous series 1.1 Physical Properties of Alkanes 2 11.2 Hydrocarbons 2.1 Alkanes 2.2 Isomerism 2.3 Alkenes 2.4 Combustion 3 11.3 Other Functional Groups

11.1 Homologous series

• A homologous series is a set of compounds with one repeating functional group

Physical Properties of Alkanes

• As chain length increases, so does boiling point, as an increased number of electrons causes stronger Van de Waal forces
• The increase in boiling temperature is rapid at first, but flattens off

11.2 Hydrocarbons

• Compounds containing only Hydrogen and carbon
• Three examples,
  • Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes

Alkanes

• Alkanes have a CH3 group at each end, and are made up of CH2 groups.
• First five are,
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
  • Pentane

Methane Ethane Propane Butane etc.

Isomerism

• The idea that one hydrocarbon can exist in another form or structure. This will occur if:
  • Each carbon forms four bonds
  • Each hydrogen forms one bond
  • Each oxygen forms two bonds

• If the bonds formed are not straight, the isomer is known to be branched
• Here is an example with C4H10

Butane (C4H10) Methyl Propane (C4H10)

Alkenes

• These structures are similar to the alkanes except two hydrogens are replaced by a double bond between two carbons
• The number '1' in the names refers to the position of the carbon starting the double bond. No numbering is needed in the first two members as there can be no ambiguity

Ethene Propene But-1-ene Pent-1-ene

Combustion

• Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces CO2 and H2O
• Incomplete produces CO, C, and H2O
• Incomplete combustion is where the carbon is not completely oxidized

11.3 Other Functional Groups

Functional Group Name	Functional Group
Aldehyde	-CHO
Ketone	-CO-
Alcohol	-OH
Carboxylic Acid	-COOH
Amine	-NH2
Amide	-CONH2
Halogenoalkane	-X (Any Halogen)
Ester	-COO-
Ether	-O-