Periodicity

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=Basics of the Periodic Table=
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Here is what the most common form of the periodic table looks like:
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{| style="width: 100%" align="center"
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|- align="center"
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! width="70" | Group →
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! width="5%" | 1
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! width="5%" | 2
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! width="5%" | 3
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! width="5%" | 4
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! width="5%" | 5
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! width="5%" | 6
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! width="5%" | 7
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! width="5%" | 8 (0)
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|-
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|Alkali Metals
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|Halogens
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|Noble Gases*
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|-
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! ↓ Period
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|colspan="19"|<br />
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 1|1]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|1<br />[[Hydrogen|H]]
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|colspan="16"|<br />
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|2<br />[[Helium|He]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 2|2]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|3<br />[[Lithium|Li]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|4<br />[[Beryllium|Be]]
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|colspan="10"|<br />
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|5<br />[[Boron|B]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|6<br />[[Carbon|C]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|7<br />[[Nitrogen|N]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|8<br />[[Oxygen|O]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|9<br />[[Fluorine|F]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|10<br />[[Neon|Ne]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 3|3]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|11<br />[[Sodium|Na]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|12<br />[[Magnesium|Mg]]
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|colspan="10"|<br />
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|13<br />[[Aluminium|Al]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|14<br />[[Silicon|Si]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|15<br />[[Phosphorus|P]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|16<br />[[Sulfur|S]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|17<br />[[Chlorine|Cl]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|18<br />[[Argon|Ar]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 4|4]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|19<br />[[Potassium|K]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|20<br />[[Calcium|Ca]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|21<br />[[Scandium|Sc]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|22<br />[[Titanium|Ti]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|23<br />[[Vanadium|V]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|24<br />[[Chromium|Cr]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|25<br />[[Manganese|Mn]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|26<br />[[Iron|Fe]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|27<br />[[Cobalt|Co]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|28<br />[[Nickel|Ni]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|29<br />[[Copper|Cu]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|30<br />[[Zinc|Zn]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|31<br />[[Gallium|Ga]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|32<br />[[Germanium|Ge]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|33<br />[[Arsenic|As]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#a0ffa0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|34<br />[[Selenium|Se]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|35<br />[[Bromine|Br]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|36<br />[[Krypton|Kr]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 5|5]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|37<br />[[Rubidium|Rb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|38<br />[[Strontium|Sr]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|39<br />[[Yttrium|Y]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|40<br />[[Zirconium|Zr]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|41<br />[[Niobium|Nb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|42<br />[[Molybdenum|Mo]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|43<br />[[Technetium|Tc]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|44<br />[[Ruthenium|Ru]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|45<br />[[Rhodium|Rh]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|46<br />[[Palladium|Pd]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|47<br />[[Silver|Ag]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|48<br />[[Cadmium|Cd]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|49<br />[[Indium|In]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|50<br />[[Tin|Sn]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|51<br />[[Antimony|Sb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|52<br />[[Tellurium|Te]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|53<br />[[Iodine|I]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|54<br />[[Xenon|Xe]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 6|6]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|55<br />[[Caesium|Cs]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|56<br />[[Barium|Ba]]
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|style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;"|*<br />
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|72<br />[[Hafnium|Hf]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|73<br />[[Tantalum|Ta]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|74<br />[[Tungsten|W]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|75<br />[[Rhenium|Re]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|76<br />[[Osmium|Os]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|77<br />[[Iridium|Ir]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|78<br />[[Platinum|Pt]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|79<br />[[Gold|Au]]</td>
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:blue;border:1px solid black;"|80<br />[[Mercury (element)|Hg]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|81<br />[[Thallium|Tl]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|82<br />[[Lead|Pb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|83<br />[[Bismuth|Bi]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccc99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|84<br />[[Polonium|Po]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff99;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|85<br />[[Astatine|At]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px dashed black;"|86<br />[[Radon|Rn]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 7|7]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|87<br />[[Francium|Fr]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdead;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|88<br />[[Radium|Ra]]
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|style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;"|**<br />
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|104<br />[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|105<br />[[Dubnium|Db]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|106<br />[[Seaborgium|Sg]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|107<br />[[Bohrium|Bh]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|108<br />[[Hassium|Hs]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|109<br />[[Meitnerium|Mt]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|110<br />[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|111<br />[[Roentgenium|Rg]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffc0c0;color:blue;border:1px dotted black;"|112<br />[[Ununbium|Uub]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|113<br />[[Ununtrium|Uut]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|114<br />[[Ununquadium|Uuq]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|115<br />[[Ununpentium|Uup]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#cccccc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|116<br />[[Ununhexium|Uuh]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#fcfecc;color:#cccccc;"|117<br />[[Ununseptium|Uus]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;"|118<br />[[Ununoctium|Uuo]]
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|-
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! align="center" | [[#Period 8|8]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff6666;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|119<br />[[Ununennium|Uue]]
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|-
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|colspan="21"|<br />
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|-
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|*
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|57<br />[[Lanthanum|La]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|58<br />[[Cerium|Ce]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|59<br />[[Praseodymium|Pr]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|60<br />[[Neodymium|Nd]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|61<br />[[Promethium|Pm]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|62<br />[[Samarium|Sm]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|63<br />[[Europium|Eu]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|64<br />[[Gadolinium|Gd]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|65<br />[[Terbium|Tb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|66<br />[[Dysprosium|Dy]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|67<br />[[Holmium|Ho]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|68<br />[[Erbium|Er]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|69<br />[[Thulium|Tm]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|70<br />[[Ytterbium|Yb]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|71<br />[[Lutetium|Lu]]
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|-
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|colspan="4" style="text-align:right"|**
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|89<br />[[Actinium|Ac]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|90<br />[[Thorium|Th]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|91<br />[[Protactinium|Pa]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|92<br />[[Uranium|U]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dashed black;"|93<br />[[Neptunium|Np]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px solid black;"|94<br />[[Plutonium|Pu]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|95<br />[[Americium|Am]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|96<br />[[Curium|Cm]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|97<br />[[Berkelium|Bk]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|98<br />[[Californium|Cf]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|99<br />[[Einsteinium|Es]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|100<br />[[Fermium|Fm]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|101<br />[[Mendelevium|Md]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|102<br />[[Nobelium|No]]
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|style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff99cc;color:black;border:1px dotted black;"|103<br />[[Lawrencium|Lr]]
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|}
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You don't have to memorize the whole thing. However, you should know that:
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*a row of the periodic table is called a '''period'''.
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**They correspond to the number of electron 'shells' in an atom of an element
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*the columns are called 'groups'.
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**They correspond to the number of electrons in the outer 'shell'.
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**Because they have the same number of '''valence electrons''', elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties.
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*You should be also familiar with the names of groups 1, 7, and 8, which are shown at the top of the table above.
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=Trends in the Periodic table=
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==Atomic Radius==
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Atomic radius is, big surprise, the radius of the atom!
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Atomic radius increases:
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*As you descend a group, since atoms with more electron 'shells' are bigger.
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*As you move left along a period, since atoms with more protons but the same amount of energy shells ''pull their electrons in closer'', making them smaller.
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So atomic radius increases towards the lower-left corner of the periodic table:&larr;&darr;.
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==Electronegativity==
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Electronegativity has to do with the strength with which an atom pulls electrons towards it.
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Electronegativity increases ''whenever atomic radius decreases'', since the smaller an atom is, the stronger the force of electronegativity.
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So electronegativity increases towards the upper-right corner of the periodic table:&uarr;&rarr;.
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==Ionic Radius==
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This is a tricky one. Ionic radius generally follows the same trend as atomic radius, but there is an important distinction between cations and anions.
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*'''Cations''' are positive ions: atoms which have '''lost''' one or more electrons.
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**Elements in groups 1-3 tend to form cations. For example, Mg forms Mg2+ ions to gain a full outer 'shell' (8 valence electrons).
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**There are more protons than electrons in a cation, so the ionic radius is '''smaller''' than that of the corresponding atomic radius.
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*'''Anions''' are negative ions: atoms which have '''gained''' one or more electrons.
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**Elements in groups 6-8 tend to form cations. For example, S forms S2- ions to expose a full outer 'shell' (8 valence electrons).
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**There are more electrons than protons in an anion, so the ionic radius of an anion is '''greater''' than its atomic radius.
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Therefore, ionic radius follows the same trend as atomic radius (increasing towards the lower-left corner of the Table), except for the fact that anions (those in groups 6-8, generally) have a larger ionic radius than cations.
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*Groups 6-8 have larger ionic radii than groups 1-3.
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*Within groups 1-3: &larr;&darr;
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*Within groups 6-8: &larr;&darr;
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==Melting point==
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Melting point depends on the type of [[bonding]] between atoms. The stronger the bond, the higher the melting point.
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==Reactivity (within a group)==
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While elements in a group do share similar chemical properties, reacting similarly with other substances, different elements within a group can have different reactivities. The IB expects you to know the following:
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===Within Group 1===
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When an alkali metal reacts, it loses its outer electron, leaving it with a full shell of valence electrons.
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Further down the group, this extra electron is at a higher energy level to begin with, so it is easier to remove.
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Therefore, '''Reactivity increases with period in Group 1''' &darr;
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This is why potassium reacts more readily than lithium, for example.
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===Within Group 7===
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When a halogen reacts, it gains one electron, leaving it with a full shell of valence electrons.
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Further down the group, this extra electron is at a higher energy level, so there is less force pulling it into the atom.
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Therefore, '''Reactivity decreases with period in Group 7''' &uarr;
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This is why fluorine reacts more readily than bromine, for example.
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This is easy to remember since it's the opposite of what happens in Group 1!
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===Within Group 8===
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None of the noble gases tend to react with anything. Hihi!
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[[Category:Chemistry]]
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Current revision as of 15:30, 24 June 2012

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