|
|
Line 1: |
Line 1: |
- | ==Letter names and sound values==
| + | 0 |
- | "N" and "S" represent the variants in the northern and southern dialects of Welsh.
| + | |
- | :{| class="wikitable"
| + | |
- | ! Letter
| + | |
- | ! Name
| + | |
- | ! Corresponding sounds
| + | |
- | ! English approximation
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | a
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|â}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/a, ɑː/}}
| + | |
- | | c'''a'''t (short) / f'''a'''ther (long)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | b
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|bî}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/b/}}
| + | |
- | | '''b'''at
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | c
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èc}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/k/}}
| + | |
- | | '''c'''ase
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ch
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èch}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/x/}}
| + | |
- | | lo'''ch''' (Scottish)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | d<ref group=* name=si>The sequence ''si'' indicates {{IPA|/ʃ/}} when followed by a vowel; similarly, ''di'' and ''ti'' sometimes indicate {{IPA|/dʒ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} respectively when followed by a vowel, although these sounds are spelled ''j'' and ''ts'' in loanwords like ''{{lang|cy|jẁg}}'' "jug" and ''{{lang|cy|wats}}'' "watch".</ref>
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|dî}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/d/}}
| + | |
- | | '''d'''ay
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | dd
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èdd}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ð/}}
| + | |
- | | '''th'''is
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | e
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ê}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɛ, eː/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''e'''d (short) / closest to h'''e'''y (long)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | f
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èf}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/v/}}
| + | |
- | | '''v'''at
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ff
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èff}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/f/}}
| + | |
- | | '''f'''our
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | g
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èg}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| + | |
- | | '''g'''ate
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ng
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èng}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| + | |
- | | thi'''ng'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | h<ref group=*>In addition to representing the phoneme {{IPA|/h/}}, ''h'' indicates [[Voice (phonetics)|voicelessness]] in the [[grapheme]]s ''mh, nh,'' and ''ngh''. The digraph ''ph'' – which indicates the [[Welsh morphology|aspirate mutation]] of ''p'' (e.g. ''ei phen-ôl'') – may also be found very occasionally in words derived from [[Greek language|Greek]] (e.g. ''{{lang|cy|phenol}}''), although most words of Greek origin are spelt with ''ff'' (e.g. ''{{lang|cy|ffotograff}}'').</ref>
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|âets}}'', ''{{lang|cy|hâ}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/h/}}
| + | |
- | | '''h'''at
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | i
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|î}}'' (N), ''{{lang|cy|î dot}}'' (S)
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪ, iː, j/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''i'''t (short) / mach'''i'''ne (long) / '''y'''es (as consonant; before vowels)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | l
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èl}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/l/}}
| + | |
- | | '''l'''ad
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ll
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ell}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɬ/}}
| + | |
- | | not present in English; a [[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | m
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èm}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/m/}}
| + | |
- | | '''m'''at
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | n
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|en}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/n/}}
| + | |
- | | '''n'''et
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | o
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ô}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔ, oː/}}
| + | |
- | | Short, like "b'''o'''g" in RP; long like st'''o'''ve in [[Scottish English]], [[North Central American English]] and [[West/Central Canadian English]]
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | p
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|pî}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/p/}}
| + | |
- | | '''p'''et
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ph
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ffî}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/f/}}
| + | |
- | | '''ph'''one
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | r
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èr}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/r/}}
| + | |
- | | '''r'''at (trilled)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | rh
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|rhî}}'', ''{{lang|cy|rhô}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/r̥/}}
| + | |
- | | p'''r'''ay (trilled): an unvoiced {{IPA|[r]}}
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | s<ref group=* name=si />
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ès}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/s/}}
| + | |
- | | '''s'''at
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | t<ref group=* name=si />
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|tî}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/t/}}
| + | |
- | | '''t'''an
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | th
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|èth}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/θ/}}
| + | |
- | | '''th'''in
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | u
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|û}}'' (N), ''{{lang|cy|û bedol}}'' (S)
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɨ̞, ɨː/}} (N), {{IPA|/ɪ, iː/}} (S)
| + | |
- | | for Southern variants: b'''i'''t (short) / mach'''i'''ne (long); {{IPA|/ɨ̞, ɨː/}} not found in English.
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | w
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ŵ}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ʊ, uː, w/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''oo'''k (short) / p'''oo'''l (long) / '''w'''et (as consonant)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | y<ref group=*>The vowel letter ''y'' indicates {{IPA|/ə/}} in unstressed monosyllabic words (e.g. ''{{lang|cy|y}}'' "the", ''{{lang|cy|fy}}'' "my") or non-final syllables (regardless of whether these are stressed or not), but {{IPA|/ɨ̞, ɨː/}} (N) or {{IPA|/ɪ, iː/}} (S) in word-final syllables (again, regardless of stress).</ref>
| + | |
- | | ''{{lang|cy|ŷ}}''
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɨ̞, ɨː, ə/}} (N)<br>{{IPA|/ɪ, iː, ə, əː/}} (S)
| + | |
- | | for Southern variants: b'''i'''t (final syllable, short) / mach'''i'''ne (final syllable, long) <br> ab'''o'''ve (other places, short) / ros'''e'''s {{IPA|/ɨ̞, ɨː/}}, found in certain dialects of English that differentiate "Rosa's" and "roses", for example, General American.
| + | |
- | |}
| + | |
- | | + | |
- | ;Notes
| + | |
- | <references group=* />
| + | |
- | | + | |
- | ===Diphthongs===
| + | |
- | :{| class="wikitable"
| + | |
- | ! Orthography
| + | |
- | ! Northern dialects
| + | |
- | ! Southern dialects
| + | |
- | ! English (approximation only)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ae
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɑːɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ai/}}
| + | |
- | | '''eye'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ai
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ai/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ai/}}
| + | |
- | | '''eye'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | au
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/aɨ/}} ''but as plural ending'' {{IPA|/a/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ai/}} ''but as plural ending'' {{IPA|/e/}}
| + | |
- | | '''eye''' / b'''e'''t (plural ending)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | aw
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/au, ɑːu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/au/}}
| + | |
- | | h'''ow'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ei
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əi/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əi/}}
| + | |
- | | Like "wr'''i'''te" in [[Canadian English]]
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | eu
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əi/}}
| + | |
- | | Like "wr'''i'''te" in [[Canadian English]]
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ew
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɛu, eːu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɛu/}}
| + | |
- | | not present in English; closest to 'e-oo' (short e)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ey
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/əi/}}
| + | |
- | | Like "wr'''i'''te" in [[Canadian English]]
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | iw
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪu/}}
| + | |
- | | not present in English except in the interjection ''Ew!''; closest to 'i-oo' (short i)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | oe
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''oy'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | oi
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''oy'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | ou
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɔi/}}
| + | |
- | | b'''oy'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | uw
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɨu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪu/}}
| + | |
- | | not present in English; closest to 'i-oo' (short i)
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | wy
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ʊɨ, uːɨ/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ʊi/}}
| + | |
- | | not present in English; closest to g'''ooey'''
| + | |
- | |-
| + | |
- | | yw
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɨu, əu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪu, əu/}}
| + | |
- | | {{IPA|/ɪu/}} not present in English; closest to 'i-oo' (short i)<br />{{IPA|/əu/}} like "g'''oa'''t" in [[Received Pronunciation]] or like "h'''ou'''se" in [[Canadian English]]
| + | |
- | |}
| + | |