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| - | ==<span style="background-color: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px;"><span class="mw-headline">Letter names and sound values</span></span>== | + | {| border="1" cellpadding="4" |
| - | "N" and "S" represent the variants in the northern and southern dialects of Welsh. | + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Lettera |
| - | ||~ Letter ||~ Name ||~ Corresponding sounds ||~ English approximation || | + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Nome |
| - | || a || //â// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/a, ɑː/</span> || c**a**t (short) / f**a**ther (long) ||
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Suono corrispondente |
| - | || b || //bî// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/b/</span> || **b**at ||
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Approssimazione |
| - | || c || //èc// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/k/</span> || **c**ase ||
| + | |- |
| - | || ch || //èch// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/x/</span> || lo**ch** (Scottish) ||
| + | | a || â || /a, ɑː/ || a breve o lunga |
| - | || d__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-si-5|[* 1]]]</span>__ || //dî// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/d/</span> || **d**ay || | + | |- |
| - | || dd || //èdd// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ð/</span> || **th**is ||
| + | | b || bî || /b/ || baco |
| - | || e || //ê// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɛ, eː/</span> || b**e**d (short) / closest to h**e**y (long) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || f || //èf// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/v/</span> || **v**at ||
| + | | c || èc || /k/ || chilo |
| - | || ff || //èff// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/f/</span> || **f**our ||
| + | |- |
| - | || g || //èg// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡ/</span> || **g**ate ||
| + | | ch || èch || /x/ || come loch (Scozzese) |
| - | || ng || //èng// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ŋ/</span> || thi**ng** ||
| + | |- |
| - | || h__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-6|[* 2]]]</span>__ || //âets//, //hâ// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/h/</span> || **h**at || | + | | d || dî || /d/ || dado |
| - | || i || //î// (N), //î dot// (S) || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪ, iː, j/</span> || b**i**t (short) / mach**i**ne (long) / **y**es (as consonant; before vowels) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || l || //èl// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/l/</span> || **l**ad ||
| + | | dd || èdd || /ð/ || ds, ingl. the |
| - | || ll || //ell// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɬ/</span> || not present in English; a __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative|voiceless alveolar lateral fricative]]</span>__ ||
| + | |- |
| - | || m || //èm// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/m/</span> || **m**at ||
| + | | e || ê || /ɛ, eː/ || pera (e breve) |
| - | || n || //en// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/n/</span> || **n**et ||
| + | |- |
| - | || o || //ô// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔ, oː/</span> || Short, like "b**o**g" in RP; long like st**o**ve in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_English|Scottish English]]</span>__, __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_American_English|North Central American English]]</span>__ and __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_English|West/Central Canadian English]]</span>__ ||
| + | | f || èf || /v/ || vano |
| - | || p || //pî// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/p/</span> || **p**et ||
| + | |- |
| - | || ph || //ffî// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/f/</span> || **ph**one ||
| + | | ff || èff || /f/ || finestra |
| - | || r || //èr// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/r/</span> || **r**at (trilled) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || rh || //rhî//, //rhô// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/r̥/</span> || p**r**ay (trilled): an unvoiced <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">[r]</span> ||
| + | | g || èg || /ɡ/ || gatto, ghiro |
| - | || s__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-si-5|[* 1]]]</span>__ || //ès// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/s/</span> || **s**at || | + | |- |
| - | || t__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-si-5|[* 1]]]</span>__ || //tî// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/t/</span> || **t**an || | + | | ng || èng || /ŋ/ || n nasale |
| - | || th || //èth// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/θ/</span> || **th**in ||
| + | |- |
| - | || u || //û// (N), //û bedol//(S) || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞, ɨː/</span> (N), <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪ, iː/</span> (S) || for Southern variants: b**i**t (short) / mach**i**ne (long); <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞, ɨː/</span> not found in English. ||
| + | | h || âets, hâ || /h/ || h aspirata (hotel) |
| - | || w || //ŵ// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ʊ, uː, w/</span> || b**oo**k (short) / p**oo**l (long) / **w**et (as consonant) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || y__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-7|[* 3]]]</span>__ || //ŷ// || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞, ɨː, ə/</span> (N) | + | | i || î (N), î dot (S) || /ɪ, iː, j/ || i breve o lunga |
| - | <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪ, iː, ə, əː/</span> (S) || for Southern variants: b**i**t (final syllable, short) / mach**i**ne (final syllable, long)
| + | |- |
| - | ab**o**ve (other places, short) / ros**e**s <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞, ɨː/</span>, found in certain dialects of English that differentiate "Rosa's" and "roses", for example, General American. ||
| + | | l || èl || /l/ || ladro |
| - | Notes
| + | |- |
| - | # <span style="font-size: 11px;">^ __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_ref-si_5-0|//**a**//]]</span>__ __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_ref-si_5-1|//**b**//]]</span>__ __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_ref-si_5-2|//**c**//]]</span>__ The sequence //si// indicates <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ʃ/</span> when followed by a vowel; similarly, //di// and //ti// sometimes indicate <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/dʒ/</span> and <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/tʃ/</span> respectively when followed by a vowel, although these sounds are spelled //j// and //ts// in loanwords like //jẁg// "jug" and//wats// "watch".</span>
| + | | ll || ell || /ɬ/ || [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterale_fricativa_alveolare_sorda laterale, fricativa alveolare sorda] (non presente in it.) |
| - | # <span style="font-size: 11px;">**__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_ref-6|^]]</span>__** In addition to representing the phoneme <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/h/</span>, //h// indicates __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)|voicelessness]]</span>__ in the __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme|graphemes]]</span>__ //mh, nh,// and //ngh//. The digraph //ph// – which indicates the __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_morphology|aspirate mutation]]</span>__ of //p// (e.g. //ei phen-ôl//) – may also be found very occasionally in words derived from __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language|Greek]]</span>__ (e.g. //phenol//), although most words of Greek origin are spelt with //ff// (e.g. //ffotograff//).</span>
| + | |- |
| - | # <span style="font-size: 11px;">**__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_ref-7|^]]</span>__** The vowel letter //y// indicates <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ə/</span> in unstressed monosyllabic words (e.g. //y// "the", //fy// "my") or non-final syllables (regardless of whether these are stressed or not), but <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞, ɨː/</span> (N) or <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪ, iː/</span> (S) in word-final syllables (again, regardless of stress).</span>
| + | | m || èm || /m/ || madre |
| - | ===<span style="background-color: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px;"><span class="editsection" style="font-size: 13px;">[__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_orthography&action=edit§ion=3|edit]]</span>__]</span><span class="mw-headline">Diphthongs</span></span>===
| + | |- |
| - | ||~ Orthography ||~ Northern dialects ||~ Southern dialects ||~ English (approximation only) ||
| + | | n || en || /n/ || nero |
| - | || ae || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɑːɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ai/</span> || **eye** ||
| + | |- |
| - | || ai || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ai/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ai/</span> || **eye** ||
| + | | o || ô || /ɔ, oː/ || orto (breve o lunga) |
| - | || au || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/aɨ/</span> //but as plural ending// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/a/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ai/</span> //but as plural ending// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/e/</span> || **eye** / b**e**t (plural ending) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || aw || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/au, ɑːu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/au/</span> || h**ow** ||
| + | | p || pî || /p/ || papa |
| - | || ei || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əi/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əi/</span> || Like "wr**i**te" in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English|Canadian English]]</span>__ ||
| + | |- |
| - | || eu || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əi/</span> || Like "wr**i**te" in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English|Canadian English]]</span>__ ||
| + | | ph || ffî || /f/ || faro |
| - | || ew || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɛu, eːu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɛu/</span> || not present in English; closest to 'e-oo' (short e) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || ey || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əi/</span> || Like "wr**i**te" in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English|Canadian English]]</span>__ ||
| + | | r || èr || /r/ || ratto (sonora) |
| - | || iw || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪu/</span> || not present in English except in the interjection //Ew!//; closest to 'i-oo' (short i) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || oe || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔi/</span> || b**oy** ||
| + | | rh || rhî, rhô || /r̥/ || r gotturale |
| - | || oi || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔi/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔi/</span> || b**oy** ||
| + | |- |
| - | || ou || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɔi/</span> || b**oy** ||
| + | | s || ès || /s/ || sale |
| - | || uw || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪu/</span> || not present in English; closest to 'i-oo' (short i) ||
| + | |- |
| - | || wy || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ʊɨ, uːɨ/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ʊi/</span> || not present in English; closest to g**ooey** ||
| + | | t || tî || /t/ || tana |
| - | || yw || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨu, əu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪu, əu/</span> || <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪu/</span> not present in English; closest to 'i-oo' (short i)
| + | |- |
| - | <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/əu/</span> like "g**oa**t" in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]]</span>__ or like "h**ou**se" in __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_English|Canadian English]]</span>__ ||
| + | | th || èth || /θ/ || ts (ingl. thin) |
| - | ==<span style="background-color: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="font-size: 13px;">[__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_orthography&action=edit§ion=4|edit]]</span>__]</span><span class="mw-headline">Diacritics</span></span>==
| + | |- |
| - | Welsh makes use of a number of __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic|diacritics]]</span>__.
| + | | u || û (N), û bedol (S) || /ɨ̞, ɨː/ (N), /ɪ, iː/ (S) || i (breve o lunga) Cina |
| - | The __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex|circumflex]]</span>__ (ˆ) is used to mark __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_length|long vowels]]</span>__, so //â, ê, î, ô, û, ŵ, ŷ// are always long. However, not all long vowels are marked with a circumflex, so //a, e, i, o, u, w, y// with no circumflex are not necessarily short; see __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#Predicting_vowel_length_from_orthography|"Predicting vowel length from orthography"]]</span>__ below.
| + | |- |
| - | The __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_accent|grave accent]]</span>__ (`) is sometimes used to mark vowels that should be short, when a long vowel would normally be expected, e.g. //pas// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/pɑːs/</span> (a cough), //pàs// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/pas/</span> (a pass/permit or a lift in a car); //mwg//<span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/muːɡ/</span> (smoke), //mẁg// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/mʊɡ/</span> (a mug).
| + | | w || ŵ || /ʊ, uː, w/ || u (uomo) |
| - | The __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_accent|acute accent]]</span>__ (´) is sometimes used to mark a stressed final syllable in a polysyllabic word. Thus the words //gwacáu// (to empty) and //dicléin// (decline) have final stress. However, not all polysyllabic words with final stress are marked with the acute accent (//Cymraeg// "Welsh", for example, is written with none). The acute may also be used to indicate a //w// that represents a vowel in a context where a glide might have been expected, e.g. //gẃraidd// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɡʊ.raið/</span> (two syllables) "manly", as opposed to //gwraidd// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɡwraið/</span> (one syllable) "root".
| + | |- |
| - | The __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]</span>__ (¨) indicates that a vowel letter is to be pronounced fully, not as a __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel|semivowel]]</span>__, e.g. //copïo// (to copy) pronounced <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/kɔˈpiːɔ/</span>, not <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">*/ˈkɔpjɔ/</span>.
| + | | y || [[Pronuncia di y|ŷ]] || /ɨ̞, ɨː, ə/ (N) /ɪ, iː, ə, əː/ (S) || i, o e semivocalica |
| - | The grave and acute accents in particular are very often omitted in casual writing, and the same is true to a lesser extent of the diaeresis. The circumflex, however, is usually included. Accented vowels are not considered distinct letters.
| + | |} |
| - | ==<span style="background-color: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="font-size: 13px;">[__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_orthography&action=edit§ion=5|edit]]</span>__]</span><span class="mw-headline">Predicting vowel length from orthography</span></span>==
| + | |
| - | As mentioned above, vowels marked with the circumflex are always long, and those marked with the grave accent are always short. If a vowel is not marked with a diacritic, its length must be determined by its environment; the rules vary a bit according to dialect.__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-8|[6]]]</span>____<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_orthography#cite_note-9|[7]]]</span>__
| + | ==Dittonghi== |
| - | In all dialects, only stressed vowels may be long; unstressed vowels are always short.
| + | |
| - | An unmarked (stressed) vowel is long:
| + | {| border="1" cellpadding="4" |
| - | * in the last syllable of a word when no consonant follows, e.g. //da// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/dɑː/</span> (good)
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Ortografia |
| - | * before //b//, //ch//, //d//, //dd//, //g//, //f//, //ff//, //th//, e.g. //mab// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/mɑːb/</span> (son), //hoff// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/hoːf/</span> (favourite), //peth// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/peːθ/</span> (thing)
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Galles del nord |
| - | * before word-final //s//, e.g. //nos// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/noːs/</span> (night)
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | Galles del sud |
| - | An unmarked vowel is short:
| + | ! scope="col" width="100" | italiano |
| - | * in an unstressed (__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic|proclitic]]</span>__) word, e.g. //a// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/a/</span> (and)
| + | |- |
| - | * before //p//, //t//, //c//, //ng//, e.g. //iet// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/jɛt/</span> (gate), //lloc// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɬɔk/</span> (sheepfold), //llong// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɬɔŋ/</span> (ship)
| + | | ae || ɑːɨ/ || /ai/ || ai |
| - | * before most __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster|consonant clusters]]</span>__, e.g. //sant// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/sant/</span> (saint), //perth// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/pɛrθ/</span> (hedge), //Ebrill// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɛbrɪɬ/</span>
| + | |- |
| - | The vowel //y//, when it is pronounced <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ə/</span>, is always short, even when it appears in an environment where other vowels would be long, e.g. //cyfan// (whole) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈkəvan/</span>. When pronounced as a __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel|close]]</span>__ or __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_vowel|near-close vowel]]</span>__ (<span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ/</span> or <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɨ̞/</span> in the North, <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/i/</span> or <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɪ/</span> in the South), //y// follows the same rules as other vowels, e.g. //dydd// (day) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈdɨːð/</span> (North) ~ <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈdiːð/</span> (South), //gwynt// (wind) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɡwɨ̞nt/</span> (North) ~ <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɡwɪnt/</span> (South).
| + | | ai || /ai/ || /ai/ || ai |
| - | Before //l//, //m//, //n//, and //r//, unmarked vowels are long in some words and short in others, e.g. //gwin// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡwiːn/</span> (wine), //prin// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/prɪn/</span> (scarcely); //hen// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/heːn/</span> (old), //pen// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/pɛn/</span> (head); //dyn// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/dɨːn/ ~ /diːn/</span> (man), //gwyn// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡwɨ̞n/ ~ /ɡwɪn/</span> (white); //stwmo// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈstuːmo/</span> (bank up a fire), //amal// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈamal/</span> (often); //celyn// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈkeːlɪn/</span> (holly), //calon// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈkalɔn/</span> (heart). (The last four examples are given in South Welsh pronunciation only, since vowels in nonfinal syllables are always short in North Welsh.) Before //nn// and //rr//, vowels are always short, e.g. //onn// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɔn/</span> (ash trees), //ennill// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈɛnɪɬ/</span> (to win), //carreg// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈkarɛɡ/</span> (stone).
| + | |- |
| - | In Northern dialects, long vowels must not only be stressed, they must also appear in the final syllable of the word. Vowels in non-final syllables are always short. In addition to the rules above, a vowel is long in the North before a consonant cluster beginning with //s//, e.g. //tyst// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/tɨːst/</span> (witness). Before //ll//, a vowel is short when no consonant follows the //ll//, e.g. //gwell// (better) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡwɛɬ/</span>, but long when another consonant does follow the //ll//, e.g. //gwallt// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡwɑːɬt/</span> (hair).
| + | | au || /aɨ/ ma come finale plurale /a/ || /ai/ ma come finale plurale /e/ || ai, e |
| - | In Southern dialects, long vowels may appear in a stressed __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penult|penultimate]]</span>__ syllable as well as in a stressed word-final syllable. Before //ll//, a stressed vowel in the last syllable is long, e.g. //gwell// (better) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡweːɬ/</span>. However, a stressed vowel in the __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penult|penult]]</span>__ before //ll// is short, e.g. //dillad// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈdɪɬad/</span> (clothes). Before //s//, a stressed vowel in the last syllable is long, as mentioned above, but a stressed vowel in the penult is short, e.g. //mesur// (measure) <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ˈmɛsir/</span>. Vowels are always short before consonant clusters, e.g. //sant// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/sant/</span> (saint), //gwallt// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ɡwaɬt/</span> (hair), //tyst// <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/tɪst/</span> (witness).
| + | |- |
| - | ==<span style="background-color: initial; color: black; font-size: 19px;"><span class="editsection" style="font-size: 13px;">[__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_orthography&action=edit§ion=6|edit]]</span>__]</span><span class="mw-headline">Digraphs</span></span>==
| + | | aw || /au, ɑːu/ || /au/ || 'au |
| - | While the __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)|digraphs]]</span>__ //ch, dd, ff, ng, ll, ph, rh, th// are each written with two symbols, they are all considered to be single letters. This means, for example that //__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli|Llanelli]]</span>__// (a town in South Wales) is considered to have only six letters in Welsh, compared to eight letters in English. Consequently, they each take up only a single space in Welsh crosswords.
| + | |- |
| - | __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collation|Sorting]]</span>__ is done in correspondence with the alphabet. For example, //la// comes before //ly//, which comes before //lla//, which comes before //ma//. Automated sorting may occasionally be complicated by the fact that additional information may be needed to distinguish a genuine digraph from a juxtaposition of letters; for example //llom// comes after //llong// (in which the //ng// stands for <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ŋ/</span>) but before //llongyfarch// (in which//n// and //g// are pronounced separately as <span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus',Gentium,GentiumAlt,'Charis SIL','Doulos SIL','DejaVu Sans',Code2000,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Arial Unicode MS','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode';">/ŋɡ/</span>).
| + | | ei || /əi/ || /əi/ || ai |
| - | Although the digraphs above are considered to be single letters, only their first component letter is capitalised when a word in lower case requires an initial capital letter. Thus:
| + | |- |
| - | Ll//andudno//, Ff//estiniog//, Rh//uthun//, etc. (place names)Ll//ŷr//, Rh//ian//, etc. (personal names)Rh//edeg busnes dw i//. Ll//yfrgellydd ydy hi.// (other sentences starting with a digraph)
| + | | eu || /əɨ/ || /əi/ || ai |
| - | The two letters in a digraph are capitalised only when the whole word is in uppercase:
| + | |- |
| - | LL//ANDUDNO//, LL//ANE//LL//I// (as on a poster or sign)
| + | | ew || /ɛu, eːu/ || /ɛu/ || 'eu |
| - | The status of the digraphs as single letters is reflected in the stylised forms used in the logos of the __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales|National Library of Wales]]</span>__ (__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #3366bb;">[[http://cat.llgc.org.uk/gw_49_1_6/html/fh/en/common_files/images/logofamily.gif|logo]]</span>__) and __<span style="background-color: initial; color: #002bb8;">[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University|Cardiff University]]</span>__ (__<span style="background-color: initial; color: #3366bb;">[[http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/identity/images/universitylogo.gif|logo]]</span>__).
| + | |- |
| | + | | ey || /əɨ/|| /əi/ || ai |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | iw || /ɪu/|| /ɪu/ || iu |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | oe || /ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/ || /ɔi/ || oi |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | oi || /ɔi/ || /ɔi/ || oi |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | ou || /ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/ || ɔi/ || 'oi |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | uw || /ɨu/ || /ʊi/ || 'iu |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | wy || /ʊɨ, uːɨ/ || /ʊi/ || ui' |
| | + | |- |
| | + | | yw || /ɨu, əu/|| /ɪu, əu/ || 'iu, au |
