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| - | What really caused the eurozone crisis?
| + | Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque sed purus nisl. Mauris varius neque id arcu tempor porttitor. Nulla lacinia, eros non vestibulum dignissim, quam nunc ullamcorper dolor, nec egestas metus massa accumsan orci. In faucibus efficitur dolor vel porttitor. Donec lacinia sapien sed erat iaculis, eget mollis magna molestie. Quisque porta enim orci, eget euismod sem vulputate eu. Morbi eleifend mauris odio, congue egestas nulla semper id. Donec enim tellus, molestie vitae convallis non, dignissim at dui. Sed eget ante ut dui iaculis tempus eu et nisi. Nullam finibus erat quis mi egestas efficitur. |
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| - | World leaders probably spent more time worrying about the eurozone crisis than anything else in 2011.
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| - | And that was in the year that featured the Arab Spring, the Japanese tsunami and the death of Osama Bin Laden. What's more, 2012 looks set to be not much different. But as eurozone governments hammer out new rules to limit their borrowing, are they missing the point of the crisis?
| + | Etiam placerat augue quis justo lobortis, at pellentesque ligula consectetur. Nam scelerisque a erat ac mollis. Nulla egestas est non arcu tincidunt, quis mattis mauris lacinia. Quisque finibus purus lacinia interdum interdum. Proin quis viverra magna, et rhoncus felis. Nam eget leo vel mauris venenatis tincidunt ut vel quam. Nunc sodales venenatis dui, sit amet elementum arcu hendrerit at. |
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| - | * The eurozone has agreed a new "fiscal compact"
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| - | * Eurozone leaders have agreed to a tough set of rules - insisted on by Germany - that will limit their governments' "structural" borrowing (that is, excluding any extra borrowing due to a recession) to just 0.5% of their economies' output each year. It will also limit their total borrowing to 3%. These rules are supposed to stop them accumulating too much debt, and make sure there won't be another financial crisis.
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| - | * But didn't they already agree to this back in the '90s?
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| - | * Hang on a minute. They agreed to exactly the same 3% borrowing limit back in 1997, when the euro was being set up. The "stability and growth pact" was insisted on by German finance minister Theo Waigel (centre of image). What happened?
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| - | * So who kept to the rules?
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| - | * Italy was the worst offender. It regularly broke the 3% annual borrowing limit. But actually Germany - along with Italy - was the first big country to break the 3% rule. After that, France followed. Of the big economies, only Spain kept its nose clean until the 2008 financial crisis; the Madrid government stayed within the 3% limit every year from the euro's creation in 1999 until 2007. Not only that - of the four, Spain's government also has the smallest debts relative to the size of its economy. Greece, by the way, is in a class of its own. It never stuck to the 3% target, but manipulated its borrowing statistics to look good, which allowed it to get into the euro in the first place. Its waywardness was uncovered two years ago.
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| - | * 3/9 Italy
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| - | Worst offender
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| - | * 5/9 Germany
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| - | First to break rules
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| - | * 6/9 France
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| - | Offender
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| - | * 9/9 Spain
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| - | Top of the Class
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| - | * But the markets have other ideas
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| - | * So surely Germany, France and Italy should be in trouble with all that reckless borrowing, while Spain should be reaping the rewards of its virtue? Well, no. Actually Germany is the "safe haven" - markets have been willing to lend to it at historically low interest rates since the crisis began. Spain on the other hand is seen by markets as almost as risky as Italy. So what gives?
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| - | * So what really caused the crisis?
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| - | * There was a big build-up of debts in Spain and Italy before 2008, but it had nothing to do with governments. Instead it was the private sector - companies and mortgage borrowers - who were taking out loans. Interest rates had fallen to unprecedented lows in southern European countries when they joined the euro. And that encouraged a debt-fuelled boom.
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| - | * Good news for Germany...
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| - | * All that debt helped finance more and more imports by Spain, Italy and even France. Meanwhile, Germany became an export power-house after the eurozone was set up in 1999, selling far more to the rest of the world (including southern Europeans) than it was buying as imports. That meant Germany was earning a lot of surplus cash on its exports. And guess what - most of that cash ended up being lent to southern Europe.
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| - | * ...bad news for southern Europe
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| - | * But debts are only part of the problem in Italy and Spain. During the boom years, wages rose and rose in the south (and in France). But German unions agreed to hold their wages steady. So Italian and Spanish workers now face a huge competitive price disadvantage. Indeed, this loss of competitiveness is the main reason why southern Europeans have been finding it so much harder to export than Germany.
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| - | * ...and a nasty dilemma
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| - | * So to recap, government borrowing - which has ballooned since the 2008 global financial crisis - had very little to do with creating the current eurozone crisis in the first place, especially in Spain (Greece's government is the big exception here). So even if governments don't break the borrowing rules this time, that won't necessarily stop a similar crisis from happening all over again.
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| - | Spain and Italy are now facing nasty recessions, because no-one wants to spend. Companies and mortgage borrowers are too busy repaying their debts to spend more. Exports are uncompetitive. And now governments - whose borrowing has exploded since the 2008 financial crisis savaged their economies - have agreed to drastically cut their spending back as well. But...
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| - | * Cut spending...
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| - | * ...and you are pretty sure to deepen the recession. That probably means even more unemployment (already over 20% in Spain), which may push wages down to more competitive levels - though history suggests this is very hard to do. Even so, lower wages will just make people's debts even harder to repay, meaning they are likely to cut their own spending even more, or stop repaying their debts. And lower wages may not even lead to a quick rise in exports, if all of your European export markets are in recession too. In any case, you can probably expect more strikes and protests, and more nervousness in financial markets about whether you really will stay in the euro.
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| - | * Don't cut spending...
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| - | * ...and you risk a financial collapse. The amount you borrow each year has exploded since 2008 due to economic stagnation and high unemployment. But your economy looks to be chronically uncompetitive within the euro. So markets are liable to lose confidence in you - they may fear your economy is simply too weak to support your ballooning debtload. Meanwhile, other European governments may not have enough money to bail you out, and the European Central Bank says its mandate doesn't allow it to. And if they won't lend to you, why would anyone else?
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| - | Monetary policy will be key weapon in targeting price rises, governor says.
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| - | The head of the People's Bank of China said on Wednesday his priority is to guard against inflation.
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| - | "We hope to stabilize prices and inflation by means of monetary policy and other measures," said Zhou Xiaochuan, China's longest-serving central bank governor.
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| - | Zhou also reiterated his commitment to further reform of the capital markets in a news conference at the National People's Congress.
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| - | Monetary policy will be key weapon in targeting price rises, governor says.
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| - | The head of the People's Bank of China said on Wednesday his priority is to guard against inflation.
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| - | "We hope to stabilize prices and inflation by means of monetary policy and other measures," said Zhou Xiaochuan, China's longest-serving central bank governor.
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| - | Zhou also reiterated his commitment to further reform of the capital markets in a news conference at the National People's Congress.
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| - | == as set out in October 25th ==
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| - | <p> Zhuo and information analysts Hu Huichun think, this week, the impact of the international oil prices fell below 4, three change rate showed decline trend shocks, market is expected to cut the strong, the main sales pressure increase.In a lot of bad news to suppress, the domestic refined oil market continued to show declining trend,abercrombie france, gasoline and diesel retail price spreads to 310-350 yuan / ton.Three change rate declines continue making industry more bearish outlook, the main sales momentum is obviously insufficient, in bad intertwined, demand has not improved significantly case is expected next week, gasoline and diesel retail price will continue to expand.(reporter Yang Xiaoyong) </p>
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| - | <p> according to Joyou information measure, as set out in October 25th, three crude oil continuous 22 days moving weighted average price of $110.247 a barrel, the benchmark price of $113,ray ban.321 a barrel, three crude oil rate -2.71%, the previous day fell 0,abercrombie deutschland.09%.26 is the price after thirty-fourth working days.Because the crude oil shocks within a narrow range, drives a three drop speed is slow, it is estimated,hollister, the disk (November 9th November 10th early morning Beijing time) product oil cut condition,abercrombie.Zhuo and information analysts Chen Qing told reporters: ",casque beats;if international oil prices remain at current prices late concussion, three change rate or in November 9th will be the international closing time below 4%,abercrombie, because the domestic time coincides with the weekend,air jordan pas cher, is expected to product oil cut or in about 12 days out of the message,abercrombie."</p>
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| - | <p> yesterday,hollister pas cher, reporter learned from a variety of channels, international oil price shocks down effect, the domestic refined oil price adjustment will be below 4% in November 9th,hollsiter deutschland, due to the domestic time coincides with the weekend,michael kors, refined oil price cut or the news in 12 days.</p>Related articles:
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| - | <li>Castle Peak Lake West area is divided into 4 different functional areas</li>
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