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What really caused the eurozone crisis?

World leaders probably spent more time worrying about the eurozone crisis than anything else in 2011.

And that was in the year that featured the Arab Spring, the Japanese tsunami and the death of Osama Bin Laden. What's more, 2012 looks set to be not much different. But as eurozone governments hammer out new rules to limit their borrowing, are they missing the point of the crisis?

   * The eurozone has agreed a new "fiscal compact"
   * Eurozone leaders have agreed to a tough set of rules - insisted on by Germany - that will limit their governments' "structural" borrowing (that is, excluding any extra borrowing due to a recession) to just 0.5% of their economies' output each year. It will also limit their total borrowing to 3%. These rules are supposed to stop them accumulating too much debt, and make sure there won't be another financial crisis.
   * But didn't they already agree to this back in the '90s?
   * Hang on a minute. They agreed to exactly the same 3% borrowing limit back in 1997, when the euro was being set up. The "stability and growth pact" was insisted on by German finance minister Theo Waigel (centre of image). What happened?
   * So who kept to the rules?
   * Italy was the worst offender. It regularly broke the 3% annual borrowing limit. But actually Germany - along with Italy - was the first big country to break the 3% rule. After that, France followed. Of the big economies, only Spain kept its nose clean until the 2008 financial crisis; the Madrid government stayed within the 3% limit every year from the euro's creation in 1999 until 2007. Not only that - of the four, Spain's government also has the smallest debts relative to the size of its economy. Greece, by the way, is in a class of its own. It never stuck to the 3% target, but manipulated its borrowing statistics to look good, which allowed it to get into the euro in the first place. Its waywardness was uncovered two years ago.
   * 3/9 Italy
     Worst offender
   * 5/9 Germany
     First to break rules
   * 6/9 France
     Offender
   * 9/9 Spain
     Top of the Class
   * But the markets have other ideas
   * So surely Germany, France and Italy should be in trouble with all that reckless borrowing, while Spain should be reaping the rewards of its virtue? Well, no. Actually Germany is the "safe haven" - markets have been willing to lend to it at historically low interest rates since the crisis began. Spain on the other hand is seen by markets as almost as risky as Italy. So what gives?
   * So what really caused the crisis?
   * There was a big build-up of debts in Spain and Italy before 2008, but it had nothing to do with governments. Instead it was the private sector - companies and mortgage borrowers - who were taking out loans. Interest rates had fallen to unprecedented lows in southern European countries when they joined the euro. And that encouraged a debt-fuelled boom.
   * Good news for Germany...
   * All that debt helped finance more and more imports by Spain, Italy and even France. Meanwhile, Germany became an export power-house after the eurozone was set up in 1999, selling far more to the rest of the world (including southern Europeans) than it was buying as imports. That meant Germany was earning a lot of surplus cash on its exports. And guess what - most of that cash ended up being lent to southern Europe.
   * ...bad news for southern Europe
   * But debts are only part of the problem in Italy and Spain. During the boom years, wages rose and rose in the south (and in France). But German unions agreed to hold their wages steady. So Italian and Spanish workers now face a huge competitive price disadvantage. Indeed, this loss of competitiveness is the main reason why southern Europeans have been finding it so much harder to export than Germany.
   * ...and a nasty dilemma
   * So to recap, government borrowing - which has ballooned since the 2008 global financial crisis - had very little to do with creating the current eurozone crisis in the first place, especially in Spain (Greece's government is the big exception here). So even if governments don't break the borrowing rules this time, that won't necessarily stop a similar crisis from happening all over again.

     Spain and Italy are now facing nasty recessions, because no-one wants to spend. Companies and mortgage borrowers are too busy repaying their debts to spend more. Exports are uncompetitive. And now governments - whose borrowing has exploded since the 2008 financial crisis savaged their economies - have agreed to drastically cut their spending back as well. But...
   * Cut spending...
   * ...and you are pretty sure to deepen the recession. That probably means even more unemployment (already over 20% in Spain), which may push wages down to more competitive levels - though history suggests this is very hard to do. Even so, lower wages will just make people's debts even harder to repay, meaning they are likely to cut their own spending even more, or stop repaying their debts. And lower wages may not even lead to a quick rise in exports, if all of your European export markets are in recession too. In any case, you can probably expect more strikes and protests, and more nervousness in financial markets about whether you really will stay in the euro.
   * Don't cut spending...
   * ...and you risk a financial collapse. The amount you borrow each year has exploded since 2008 due to economic stagnation and high unemployment. But your economy looks to be chronically uncompetitive within the euro. So markets are liable to lose confidence in you - they may fear your economy is simply too weak to support your ballooning debtload. Meanwhile, other European governments may not have enough money to bail you out, and the European Central Bank says its mandate doesn't allow it to. And if they won't lend to you, why would anyone else?

www.peutereyaoutlet.com Yesterday

The north of modern 1 ∶ 0Shandong Luneng Shanghai Shenhua 0 ∶ 0Kashima antlers in Jeju Island the day before yesterday ,Tianjin TEDA team hard won a field on the South Korean team ,did not change the overall behind K League club over the nature of ,hogan.
Yesterday, as the AFC Champions League semi-finals in the lineup in the most luxurious Super Champion, the Shandong Luneng while continuing Tianjin ,but eventually ended up in defeat .
Just finished the Han 11 successive defeats ,new failure from the superior champion who began -- in the AFC Champions League ,the super absolutely no giants .Luneng luck only lose a ball as the superior champion ,in the country has a club called Shandong Luneng in the North Korean modern home and did not recur Tianjin TEDA .
In the passive situation, Shandong Luneng 0 to more than 1 opponents,franklin marshall, with the team in the AFC Champions League with the South Korean team game of the three-game losing streak .But it is good luck ,because the north of modern created so many chances to score , no LiverpoolTae Kim, evacuee, said,"All kinds of noise, somebody coughing, baby crying, but I say I have to go through. I cannot picky, you know. I appreciate people letting me stay like this in this situation. So thank God. I love America."Roughly 375,000 people were ordered to evacuate New York City’s flood-prone zones-most of them in lower Manhattan. More than 6,400 of them have sought haven in the city’s shelters to get basic things like a bed and warm meal.,but only scored one goal .
The game process and the Tianjin away at Jeju united in the game is run in the same groove ,the Koreans to occupy the initiative ,and created several times more than the Shandong team score .
Especially shortly after the opening ,Li Dongguo faces the goalkeeper had kicked the ball side,adidas pas cher, while the young goalkeeper Yang Chengze also becomes this competition Shandong team player he most attract sb.
,outlet hogan,for a number of fantastic saves to help the Shandong team to 0 to 0 score to keep the second seventieth minutes .But the Shandong team did not appear like Yu Dabao, Savior ,waste is one of the few shots ,,the South Korean team finally using the Shandong defence marking errors made here ,no defense of Pu Yuanzai in a small header in the restricted area easily scored the only goal of the game ,Shandong team in the final 0 to 1 defeat away to return ,abercrombie.
The audience was pressed the siege went opponents luck in the super is a luxury of the Shandong Luneng , Inter new signing Castellazzi and CoTae Kim, evacuee, said,"All kinds of noise, somebody coughing, baby crying, but I say I have to go through. I cannot picky, you know. I appreciate people letting me stay like this in this situation. So thank God. I love America."Roughly 375,000 people were ordered to evacuate New York City’s flood-prone zones-most of them in lower Manhattan. More than 6,400 of them have sought haven in the city’s shelters to get basic things like a bed and warm meal.,and failure to achieve teacher Ivankovic in his threatening played pretty offensive player ,in South Korea because of intense work ,on the field of foreign aid and international stars at the foot of the ball into a hot foot potato , missed the semi-finals.Tae Kim, evacuee, said,"All kinds of noise, somebody coughing, baby crying, but I say I have to go through. I cannot picky, you know. I appreciate people letting me stay like this in this situation. So thank God. I love America."Roughly 375,000 people were ordered to evacuate New York City’s flood-prone zones-most of them in lower Manhattan. More than 6,400 of them have sought haven in the city’s shelters to get basic things like a bed and warm meal.,mercurial vapor.
In the last five minutes of the match ,Shandong native Ivankovic fielded helped the country foot 3 than 0 beat South Korea gram Han Star Deng Zhuoxiang ,but Deng exhibit and a team as bad as the state after the game ,peuterey outlet,he almost did not touch the ball ,the game ends .
The match ,north of modern team made 15 shots, which has more than 5 will have chances to score, but it was only 1 in 0 .But the glad not to defeat Evan after is not convinced, he even think of each other to win because of had better luck .
The north of modern today perform better,air jordan, luck is better . He is not convinced, we try to surprise ,hollister france,but the whole north of modern home ,strength is very strong, so we did not realize ,rival state better .
Bet $2500000 foreign aid or skip  ?The media reported that ,for this season in the AFC Champions league tournament to obtain good results, in the four AFC Champions League group total investment to achieve about 350000000 yuan .
These huge investment ,including the wasted yesterday Shandong Brazil foreign aid Obinna .Known as the Brazil Eto the tall striker ,this took the Shandong Luneng price ,mercurial.But in this game ,Obinna not only for the creation of the Shandong team scoring opportunities ,and even the audience even once the shooting data are not ,even the explanation of CCTV expert Gong Lei also laments Luneng aid also need to promote a class .
In contrast ,the entire north from the same team Brazil foreign aid Ernie Neo becomes all the best players ,it is his assists to help the home team to win the whole of north .Reporter Fan Tianliang foreign aid to fight the shock Shenhua main floor flat Kashima boss Zhu to treat the Luneng loses the game ,Shenhua also did not win .
But in the home to 0 0 draw with Japanese Club Kashima antlers ,managed to avoid the AFC Champions League Super team across the board lost embarrassment .More importantly ,Shenhua boss Zhu Jun also need to Japan please Kashima antlers bosses club ,hollister.
Last night the Shenhua main floor and Kashima antlers game ,Shenhua team in the scene took the initiative, two foreign aid Riascos and sal Waylon individuals capable of creating multiple shots ,but the Japanese goalkeeper tenacious defense to keep a clean sheet .
The final stage ,eager to take all three points in the entire pressure on Shenhua team .The results in one other area of Zhengding ,assists to foreign aid guard of Dhaka and other central defender head banging together on the ground, lying on the ground for five minutes failed to rise up ,doctor to come to the emergency treatment time, Dhaka and even in a state of shock .
But it soon came to Dhaka ,and return to the field until the end .0 0 draw with may not be a good start ,but the Shenhua investor Zhu Jun, at least, save a large sum of dollars .Because before Zhu Jun had in micro-blog bet ,if the game Shenhua loses the game ,he will be in Japan nightclubs or please rival bosses .

jordanpascherufrance.com although the rapid pace of devel

Zhang Na of our newspaper reporterin the Shenzhen SAR and Pudong New Area compared ,Binhai New Area the current environment already produced very big change .Environment variable system environment changes .
In initial stage of reforming and opening ,although our country puts forward to the market economy direction ,but the influence of planned economy still very big ,and the market in the allocation of resources in terms of the role is not great .
Arriving in Pudong New Area, in 1992 China has clearly put forward to build market economic system ,hollister,the system has undergone a great change ,jordan pas cher.Thereafter ,the market in the allocation of resources to play a fundamental role ,and this effect is more and more big .
The government in economic operation reduction intervention ,and gradually increase the role of market in resource allocation ,abercrombie.Up to now ,China market economic system has been perfected .In 2001, China ,louboutin,the domestic market needs according to the international rules of the market economy to run .
By 2006 ,the market economy system overall basic establishment .The economic environment changes .Go up century 80 time ,our country economy just opening up, many are blank .The District of Shenzhen in a small fishing village built throughout Southern China ,especially the Pearl River Delta region in the country the economic share very low .
At that time, the national economic center in North ,then gradually moved south .Arrived 90 time ,especially 1992 Deng Xiaoping ,to Pudong New Area as the representative of the start of a new round of development and opening up .
This round can be said to be China economic growth to a peak .Tianjin Binhai New Area to carry out,louboutin, the economic situation has had the tremendous change, this is in China a new round of heavy chemical industry as a representative of the economic growth cycle .
Such a background mainly in ,starting from the second half of 2002 ,burberry soldes,the heavy chemical industry in our country economy in the proportion increases .The formation of this round of economic growth the important reason is that China over $1000 after the upgrading of consumption structure ,especially for housing ,cars and IT products demand growth upstream energy ,heavy chemical industry development .
Policy environment changes .After decades of reform and opening up the development of China after ,need to change the high input ,high consumption ,high pollution of the extensive mode of development .
Especially the big sixteen put forward scientific outlook on development ,put forward to want to change the mode of economic development ,to explore a new mode of region economy progress .This will give the development of Binhai New Area of deployment of a very important mission .
During this period, the national macro-control direction also began to change ,the country in this period was to curb overheating investment .In this context, the development of Binhai New Area and the past completely different ,both to promote development and in line with the national macro-control needs,air jordan, as much as possible to avoid massive investment may lead to the negative impact of the economy ,at the same time, attention must be paid in accordance with the requirements of the scientific outlook on development ,from planning to industry ,and then to the layout of the project ,must be handling the relationship between development and environmental protection ,pay attention to energy consumption, emission reduction requirements .
From three to two experience recognize the different environment ,the Binhai New Area policymakers think of Shenzhen ,Pudong Binhai new learning experience ,four items of work to do ,burberry.Accelerate system and mechanism innovation .
Facing new challenges ,peuterey outlet,Shenzhen ,Pudong have unanimously agreed to open innovation ,only innovation train of thought and innovation key on each have emphasize particularly on .Shenzhen through innovation and development mode ,breakthrough the bottleneck of development ,take the lead in realizing the speed to harmony ,abercrombie paris, benefit model change ,louis vuitton.
Pudong New Area is from the system reengineering proceed with, increase own reform, strive to realize economic operation of market internationalization ,business environment ,function ,development of regional growth mode intensification ,public affairs ,government of socialization management legalization ,as in the new stage to realize the new fixed position to provide system safeguard .
Binhai policymakers think ,Binhai New Area to focus on industrial development ,the comprehensive supporting reform focus on establishing international standards and the operation of the market economy system ,dynamic system of independent innovation ,fair and efficient government service system ,a reasonable social security system ,fair and standard system ,to achieve new target to remove system sex obstacle .
With the technology ,louis vuitton pas cher,industry ,financial support, strengthen the regional development impetus function .In Tianjin people, adhere to the road of independent innovation ,formed to enterprises as the main body of the main body of innovation network and the largest indigenous innovation enterprise group is the successful experience of Shenzhen .
Binhai should in the future of China regional development in dosomethinpreviouslyunreleased ,better serve as regional development of the locomotive and technique of radiation source ,we must improve the ability of technological innovation, market-oriented ,to technological innovation as the breakthrough point ,concentrate advantage resource organization innovation ,form the technical innovation and industry development circulation .
The optimization and upgrading of industrial structure is driven to lead and the strong support of regional development .To establish a high-tech industries as the leading modern industry group ,louboutin pas cher,is the regional growth pole development ,give full play to regional radiation to drive action basic conditions .
Accelerate the development of high-tech industries ,modern financial industry and modern logistics industry three big strategical pillar industry diversified industrial structure adjust train of thought ,is to seek long-term development of the rational choice .
Pudong ,Shenzhen financial support to industrial development ,moncler,serving regional economy .Pudong ( ,) through financial and Trade Zone in Shanghai to boost the international financial center forward .
Shenzhen industry financial center , financial innovation center , financial information center and financial service center ,the construction of a strong support for the economic development of Shenzhen ,effectively prevent and dissolve the risk of the financial system .
Binhai New Area is needed in the development of direct financing, to let go of the comprehensive management of financial institutions ,financial institutions ,offering offshore financial business ,the establishment of market mechanism ,the development of the headquarters of financial institutions ,financial service outsourcing base construction and other aspects of innovation and experimentation .
Play government on growth pole of the guidance ,michael kors,support and coordination effect .From our country regional growth pole development practice looks ,peuterey,the growth pole in the process of formation and development ,the central government support and policy to tilt is crucial .
At present, Shenzhen and Pudong New Area have entered the mature period of growth pole ,the overall strength of the economy ,but the rate of growth is slowing down, have to land ,energy and other resources and the development of space constraints ,reflecting Shenzhen and Pudong polarization effect brought about by external economy began to appear, and the Binhai New Area is in economic dimensions is rapid expansion of the rising period, although the rapid pace of development ,development potential is tremendous ,hollister pas cher,but still be in growth pole the early development of the agglomeration ,polarization phase ,so the government should increase the supportive strength of Binhai New Area ,using the polarization effect ,urge them to grow ,it is played the leading role in the premise of regional .
To promote science and technology to innovate to develop to region economy support function .Binhai policymakers think ,michael kors outlet,innovation of science and technology is to build success ,with enterprises as the main body ,take the market as the guidance system of independent innovation .
To digest absorb innovate again ,the introduction of combination of innovation and ,maillot de foot.To strive to create a good environment of innovation of science and technology . disclaimer this article represents the views of the author,louboutin pas cher, has nothing to do with hexun.
com .And the news website the statement ,the neutral ,it contains the content the accuracy ,reliability or integrity of any express or implied warranty .The reader is only for reference ,and please to bear all the responsibility .
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But at a time when the government is to regulate and control the prices, only the prospects for the property market is not optimistic, he think that prices will have to fall, and rent and buy no change in quality of life.