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| - | [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] | + | [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] [[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]] |
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| | + | |
| | + | == TL;DR == |
| | + | |
| | + | |
| | | | |
| - | == Boobies ==
| |
| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
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| - | == Boobies ==
| |
| | == Boobies == | | == Boobies == |
| | == Boobies == | | == Boobies == |
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| | == Boobies == | | == Boobies == |
| | | | |
| - | <div id="mainpage"></div>
| |
| | <!-- Beginning of header section -->{|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #ccc" | | <!-- Beginning of header section -->{|style="width:100%;margin-top:+.7em;background-color:#fcfcfc;border:1px solid #ccc" |
| | |style="width:56%;color:#000"| | | |style="width:56%;color:#000"| |
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| | <div style="font-size:162%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#000">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> | | <div style="font-size:162%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#000">Welcome to [[Wikipedia]],</div> |
| | <div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 95%">the free encyclopedia that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> | | <div style="top:+0.2em;font-size: 95%">the free encyclopedia that [[Wikipedia:Introduction|anyone can edit]].</div> |
| - | <div id="articlecount" style="width:100%;text-align:center;font-size:85%;">[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in English</div>
| |
| - | |}<!-- Portals Follow -->
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| - | *[[Portal:Arts|Arts]]
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| - | *'''[[Portal:List of portals|All portals]]'''
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| - | |style="font-size:95%;padding:10px 0;margin:0px;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;color:#000"|[[Wikipedia:About|Overview]] '''·''' [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Editing]] '''·''' [[Wikipedia:Questions|Questions]] '''·''' [[Help:Contents|Help]]
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| - | [[Wikipedia:Contents|Contents]] '''·''' [[Wikipedia:Categorical index|Categories]] '''·''' [[Wikipedia:Featured content|Featured content]] '''·''' [[Wikipedia:Quick index|A–Z index]]
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| - | {{Main Page banner}}<!-- End of header section / beginning of left-column -->
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| - | {|width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5fffa"
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| - | ! <h2 style="margin:0;background-color:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's featured article</h2>
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| - | |style="color:#000"|{{Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}
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| - | ! <h2 style="margin:0;background:#cef2e0;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3bfb1;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Did you know...</h2>
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| - | |-
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| - | |style="color:#000"|{{Did you know}}
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| - | |-
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| - | |}<!-- Start of right-column -->
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| - | |class="MainPageBG" style="width:45%;border:1px solid #cedff2;background-color:#f5faff;vertical-align:top"|
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| - | {| width="100%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="5" style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#f5faff"
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| - | ! <h2 style="margin:0;background-color:#cedff2;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">In the news</h2>
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | |style="color:#000"|{{In the news}}
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| - | |-
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| - | ! <h2 style="margin:0;background:#cedff2;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a3b0bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">On this day...</h2>
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| - | |style="color:#000"|{{Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}}}
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| - | |}
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| - | |}<!-- Start of Featured Picture -->
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| - | ! <h2 style="margin:0;background-color:#ddcef2;font-size:120%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #afa3bf;text-align:left;color:#000;padding:0.2em 0.4em;">Today's featured picture</h2>
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| - | </div>__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
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| - | {{MainPageInterwikis}}<!--Template:MainPageInterwikis-->
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| - |
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| | | | |
| - | {{otheruses}}
| |
| - | {{Infobox_Disease |
| |
| - | Name = Cancer |
| |
| - | Image = Normal cancer cell division from NIH.png |
| |
| - | Caption = When normal cells are damaged beyond repair, they are eliminated by [[apoptosis]]. Cancer cells avoid apoptosis and continue to multiply in an unregulated manner |
| |
| - | DiseasesDB = 28843 |
| |
| - | ICD10 = |
| |
| - | ICD9 = |
| |
| - | ICDO = |
| |
| - | OMIM = |
| |
| - | MedlinePlus = 001289 |
| |
| - | eMedicineSubj = |
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| - | eMedicineTopic = |
| |
| - | MeshName = Cancer |
| |
| - | MeshNumber = C04 |
| |
| - | }}
| |
| | '''Cancer''' is a class of [[disease]]s or disorders characterized by uncontrolled [[cell division|division]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]] and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through ''invasion'', or by implantation into distant sites by ''[[metastasis]]'' (where cancer cells are transported through the [[bloodstream]] or [[lymphatic system]]). Cancer may affect people at all ages, but risk tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal [[causes of death]] in [[Developed country|developed countries]]. | | '''Cancer''' is a class of [[disease]]s or disorders characterized by uncontrolled [[cell division|division]] of [[cell (biology)|cells]] and the ability of these cells to spread, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through ''invasion'', or by implantation into distant sites by ''[[metastasis]]'' (where cancer cells are transported through the [[bloodstream]] or [[lymphatic system]]). Cancer may affect people at all ages, but risk tends to increase with age. It is one of the principal [[causes of death]] in [[Developed country|developed countries]]. |
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| | Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until [[World War II]], when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease [[incidence]]. This insight drove national public health bodies to make it possible to compile health data across practises and hospitals, a process that many countries do today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of bomb victims in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the discovery of bone marrow transplants for [[leukemia]]. Since WWII, trends in [[cancer treatment]] are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them as a way to find cures through [[epidemiology]] and international partnerships. | | Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until [[World War II]], when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease [[incidence]]. This insight drove national public health bodies to make it possible to compile health data across practises and hospitals, a process that many countries do today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of bomb victims in [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]] was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the discovery of bone marrow transplants for [[leukemia]]. Since WWII, trends in [[cancer treatment]] are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them as a way to find cures through [[epidemiology]] and international partnerships. |
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| - | ==Nomenclature and classification==
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| - | The following closely related terms may be used to designate abnormal growths:
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| - | * ''[[Neoplasia]]'' and ''neoplasm'' are the scientific designations for cancerous diseases. This group contains a large number of different diseases. Neoplasms can be ''[[benign]]'' or ''[[malignant]]''.
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| - | * ''Cancer'' is a widely used word that is usually understood as synonymous with ''malignant neoplasm''. It is occasionally used instead of [[carcinoma]], a sub-group of malignant neoplasms. Because of its overwhelming popularity relative to 'neoplasia', it is used frequently instead of 'neoplasia', even by scientists and physicians, especially when discussing neoplastic diseases as a group.
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| - | * ''[[Tumor]]'' in medical language simply means swelling or lump, either neoplastic, inflammatory or other. In common language, however, it is synonymous with 'neoplasm', either benign or malignant. This is inaccurate since some neoplasms usually do not form tumors, for example [[leukemia]] or [[carcinoma in situ]].
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| - | * ''[[Paraneoplastic phenomenon|Paraneoplasia]]'' is a disturbance associated with a neoplasm but not related to the invasion of the primary or a secondary (metastatic) tumour. Disturbances can be hormonal, neurological, hematological, biochemical or otherwise clinical.
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| - | Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. The following general categories are usually accepted:
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| - | * [[Carcinoma]]: malignant tumors derived from [[epithelium|epithelial]] cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including the common forms of [[breast]], [[prostate]], [[lung]] and [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] cancer.
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| - | * [[Lymphoma]] and [[Leukemia]]: malignant tumors derived from [[blood]] and [[bone marrow]] cells
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| - | * [[Sarcoma]]: malignant tumors derived from [[connective tissue]], or [[mesenchyme|mesenchymal]] cells
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| - | * [[Mesothelioma]]: tumors derived from the [[mesothelium|mesothelial]] cells lining the [[peritoneum]] and the [[pleura]].
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| - | * [[Glioma]]: tumors derived from glia, the most common type of [[brain]] cell
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| - | * [[Germinoma]]: tumors derived from germ cells, normally found in the [[testicle]] and [[ovary]]
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| - | * [[Choriocarcinoma]]: malignant tumors derived from the [[placenta]]
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| - | Malignant tumors are usually named using the Latin or Greek root of the organ as a prefix and the above category name as the suffix. For instance, a malignant tumor of liver cells is called ''hepatocarcinoma''; a malignant tumor of the fat cells is called ''liposarcoma''. For common cancers, the English organ name is used. For instance, the most common type of [[breast cancer]] is called ''ductal carcinoma of the breast'' or ''mammary ductal carcinoma''. Here, the adjective ''ductal'' refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, resembling normal breast ducts.
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| - | Benign tumors are named using '''-oma''' as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For instance, a benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus is called ''leiomyoma'' (the common name of this frequent tumor is ''fibroid'').
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| - | ===Adult cancers===
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| - | In the USA and other developed countries, cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths.<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal">
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| - | {{cite journal | author=Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ | title=Cancer statistics, 2005 | journal=CA Cancer J Clin | year=2005 | pages=10-30 | volume=55 | issue=1 | url=http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/55/1/10 | id=PMID 15661684}}</ref> On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer.
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| - | The statistics below are for adults in the United States, and will vary substantially in other countries:
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| - | {| class="wikitable"
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| - | ! colspan="2" | <big>Male</big>
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| - | | rowspan="7" |
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| - | ! colspan="2" | <big>Female</big>
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| - | |-
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| - | ! width="170px" | most common !! width="170px" | cause of death<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal" />
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| - | ! width="170px" | most common !! width="170px" | cause of death<ref name="CACancerJClin2005-Jemal" />
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| - | |-
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| - | |[[prostate cancer]] (33%) || lung cancer (31%) || [[breast cancer]] (32%) || lung cancer (27%)
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| - | |-
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| - | | [[lung cancer]] (13%) || prostate cancer (10%) || lung cancer (12%) || breast cancer (15%)
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| - | |-
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| - | | [[colorectal cancer]] (10%) || colorectal cancer (10%) || colorectal cancer (11%) || colorectal cancer (10%)
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| - | |-
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| - | | [[bladder cancer]] (7%) || [[pancreatic cancer]] (5%) || [[endometrial cancer]] (6%) || [[ovarian cancer]] (6%)
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| - | |-
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| - | | cutaneous [[melanoma]] (5%) || [[leukemia]] (4%) || [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] (4%) || pancreatic cancer (6%)
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| - | |}
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| | ===Childhood cancers=== | | ===Childhood cancers=== |
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| | Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, but white infants have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types. Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma, [[Wilms' tumor]] and [[retinoblastoma]], and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer. | | Female and male infants have essentially the same overall cancer incidence rates, but white infants have substantially higher cancer rates than black infants for most cancer types. Relative survival for infants is very good for neuroblastoma, [[Wilms' tumor]] and [[retinoblastoma]], and fairly good (80%) for leukemia, but not for most other types of cancer. |
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| - | ==Causes and pathophysiology==
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| - | {{main|Carcinogenesis}}
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| | ===Origins of cancer=== | | ===Origins of cancer=== |
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| | A few types of cancer in non-humans have been found to be contagious ("[[parasitic cancer]]"), such as [[Sticker's sarcoma]], which affects [[dog]]s. The closest known analog to this in humans is individuals who have "caught cancer" from tumors hiding inside organ transplants.<ref>{{cite web | title=Study Finds That a Type of Cancer in Dogs Is Contagious | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/10/AR2006081001535.html | accessdate=2007-01-19}}</ref> | | A few types of cancer in non-humans have been found to be contagious ("[[parasitic cancer]]"), such as [[Sticker's sarcoma]], which affects [[dog]]s. The closest known analog to this in humans is individuals who have "caught cancer" from tumors hiding inside organ transplants.<ref>{{cite web | title=Study Finds That a Type of Cancer in Dogs Is Contagious | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/10/AR2006081001535.html | accessdate=2007-01-19}}</ref> |
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| - | ===Molecular biology===
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| - | [[Image:Cancer requires multiple mutations from NIH.png|thumb|150px|right|Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat.]]
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| - | ''[[Carcinogenesis]]'', which means the initiation or generation of cancer, is the process of derangement of the rate of cell division due to damage to [[DNA]]. Cancer is, ultimately, a disease of [[gene]]s. In order for cells to start dividing uncontrollably, genes which regulate cell growth must be damaged. [[Proto-oncogene]]s are genes which promote cell growth and [[mitosis]], a process of cell division, and [[tumor suppressor gene]]s discourage cell growth, or temporarily halt cell division in order to carry out [[DNA repair]]. Typically, a series of several [[mutation]]s to these genes are required before a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell.
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| - |
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| - | Proto-oncogenes promote cell growth through a variety of ways. Many can produce [[hormone]]s, a "chemical messenger" between cells which encourage mitosis, the effect of which depends on the [[signal transduction]] of the receiving tissue or cells. Some are responsible for the signal transduction system and signal [[receptor (biochemistry)|receptor]]s in cells and tissues themselves, thus controlling the sensitivity to such hormones. They often produce [[mitogen]]s, or are involved in [[transcription (genetics)|transcription]] of DNA in [[protein synthesis]], which creates the [[protein]]s and [[enzyme]]s responsible for producing the products and [[biochemistry|biochemicals]] cells use and interact with.
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| - | Mutations in proto-oncogenes can modify their [[gene expression|expression]] and function, increasing the amount or activity of the product protein. When this happens, they become [[oncogene]]s, and thus cells have a higher chance to divide excessively and uncontrollably. The chance of cancer cannot be reduced by removing proto-oncogenes from the [[genome]] as they are critical for growth, repair and [[homeostasis]] of the body. It is only when they become mutated that the signals for growth become excessive.
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| - | Tumor suppressor genes code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins that suppress mitosis and cell growth. Generally tumor suppressors are [[transcription factor]]s that are activated by cellular [[stress (medicine)|stress]] or DNA damage. Often DNA damage will cause the presence of free-floating genetic material as well as other signs, and will trigger enzymes and pathways which lead to the activation of tumor suppressor genes. The functions of such genes is to arrest the progression of cell cycle in order to carry out DNA repair, preventing mutations from being passed on to daughter cells. Canonical tumor suppressors include the [[p53]] protein, which is a transcription factor activated by many cellular stressors including [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] and [[ultraviolet radiation]] damage.
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| - | Despite nearly half of all cancers possibly involving alterations in [[p53]], its tumor suppressor function is poorly understood. It is clear it has two functions: one a nuclear role as a transcription factor, and the other a cytoplasmic role in cell cycle and division regulation and apoptosis.
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| - | The [[Warburg effect]] is the preferential use of glycolysis for energy to sustain cancer growth. p53 has been shown to regulate the shift from the respiratory to the glycolytic pathway. Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2) has been recognized as the downstream mediator of this effect. SCO2 is critical for regulating the cytochrome c oxidase complex within the mitochondria, and p53 can disrupt the SCO2 gene. P53 regulation of SCO2 and mitochondrial respiration may provide a possible explanation for the Warburg effect.<ref name="Mantoba-Warburg">{{cite journal | author = Matoba S, Kang J, Patino W, Wragg A, Boehm M, Gavrilova O, Hurley P, Bunz F, Hwang P | title = p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration. | journal = Science | volume = 312 | issue = 5780 | pages = 1650-3 | year = 2006 | id = PMID 16728594}}</ref>
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| - | However, a mutation can damage the tumor suppressor gene itself, or the signal pathway which activates it, "switching it off". The invariable consequence of this is that DNA repair is hindered or inhibited: DNA damage accumulates without repair, inevitably leading to cancer.
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| - | In general, mutations in both types of genes are required for cancer to occur. For example, a mutation limited to one oncogene would be suppressed by normal mitosis control and tumor suppressor genes, which was first [[hypothesis|hypothesised]] as the [[Knudson hypothesis]]. A mutation to only one tumor suppressor gene would not cause cancer either, due to the presence of many "[[backup]]" genes that duplicate its functions. It is only when enough proto-oncogenes have mutated into oncogenes, and enough tumor suppressor genes deactivated or damaged, that the signals for cell growth overwhelm the signals to regulate it, that cell growth quickly spirals out of control. Often, because these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to genes themselves, the rate of mutations increase as one gets older, because DNA damage forms a [[feedback]] loop. Knudson’s two hit model has recently been challenged by several investigators. Inactivation of one allele of some tumor suppressor genes is sufficient to cause tumors. This phenomenon is called haploinsufficiency and has been demonstrated by a number of experimental approaches. Tumors caused by [[haploinsufficiency]] usually have a later age of onset when compared with those by a two hit process.<ref name="Fodde-Haploinsufficiency">{{cite journal | author = Fodde R, Smits R | title = Cancer biology. A matter of dosage. | journal = Science | volume = 298 | issue = 5594 | pages = 761-3 | year = 2002 | id = PMID 12399571}}</ref>
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| - | Usually, oncogenes are [[dominant gene|dominant]], as they contain [[gain-of-function mutation]]s, while mutated tumor suppressors are [[recessive gene|recessive]], as they contain [[loss-of-function mutation]]s. Each cell has two copies of the same gene, one from each parent, and under most cases gain of function mutation in one copy of a particular proto-oncogene is enough to make that gene a true oncogene, while usually loss of function mutation needs to happen in both copies of a tumor suppressor gene to render that gene completely non-functional. However, cases exist in which one loss of function copy of a tumor suppressor gene can render the other copy non-functional. This phenomenon is called the ''dominant negative effect'' and is observed in many p53 mutations.
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| - | Mutation of tumor suppressor genes that are passed on to the next generation of not merely cells, but their [[offspring]] can cause increased likelihoods for cancers to be inherited. Members of these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors. The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent, and a normal copy from the other. Because mutations in tumor suppressor genes act in a recessive manner (although there are exceptions), the loss of the normal copy creates the cancer [[phenotype]]. For instance, individuals who are [[heterozygote|heterozygous]] for ''p53'' mutations are often victims of [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]], and those who are heterozygous for ''[[Retinoblastoma protein|Rb]]'' mutations develop [[retinoblastoma]]. Similarly, mutations in the ''[[Familial adenomatous polyposis#Pathophysiology|APC]]'' gene are linked to [[Familial adenomatous polyposis|adenopolyposis colon cancer]], with thousands of polyps in colon while young, while mutations in ''[[BRCA1]]'' and ''[[BRCA2]]'' lead to early onset of [[breast cancer]].
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| - | Cancer pathology is ultimately due to the accumulation of DNA mutations that negatively effect expression of tumour suppressor proteins or positively effect the expression of proteins that drive the cell cycle. Substances that cause these mutations are known as mutagens, and mutagens that cause cancers are known as carcinogens. Particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. [[Tobacco smoking]] is associated with [[lung cancer]]. Prolonged exposure to [[radiation]], particularly [[ultraviolet radiation]] from the [[sun]], leads to [[melanoma]] and other skin malignancies. Breathing [[asbestos]] fibers is associated with [[mesothelioma]]. In more general terms, chemicals called [[mutagen]]s and [[Radical (chemistry)|free radical]]s are known to cause mutations. Other types of mutations can be caused by chronic [[inflammation]], as [[neutrophil granulocyte]]s secrete free radicals that damage DNA. [[Chromoo_ol translocation]]s, such as the [[Philadelphia chromosome]], are a special type of mutation that involve exchanges between different chromosomes.
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| - | Many [[mutagen]]s are also [[carcinogen]]s, but some carcinogens are not mutagens. Examples of carcinogens that are not mutagens include [[alcohol]] and [[estrogen]]. These are thought to promote cancers through their stimulating effect on the rate of cell [[mitosis]]. Faster rates of mitosis increasingly leave less opportunities for repair enzymes to repair damaged DNA during [[DNA replication]], increasing the likelihood of a genetic mistake. A mistake made during mitosis can lead to the daughter cells receiving the wrong number of [[chromosomes]], which leads to [[aneuploidy]] and may lead to cancer.
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| - | Furthermore, many cancers originate from a [[virus|viral]] [[infection]]; this is especially true in animals such as [[bird]]s, but also in [[human]]s, as viruses are responsible for 15% of human cancers worldwide. The main viruses associated with human cancers are [[human papillomavirus]], [[hepatitis B]] virus, [[Epsto_on-Barr virus]], and [[human T-lymphotropic virus]]. Experimental and epidemiological data imply a causative role for viruses and they appear to be the second most important risk factor for cancer development in humans, exceeded only by tobacco usage.<ref name="zur Hausen-viruses">{{cite journal | author = zur Hausen H | title = Viruses in human cancers. | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5035 | pages = | year = 1991 | id = PMID}}</ref> The mode of virally-induced tumors can be divided into two, ''acutely-transforming'' or ''slowly-transforming''. In acutely transforming viruses, the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral-oncogene (v-onc), and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v-onc is expressed. In contrast, in slowly-transforming viruses, the virus genome is inserted, especially as viral genome insertion is an obligatory part of [[retrovirus]]es, near a proto-oncogene in the host genome. The viral [[promoter]] or other transcription regulation elements in turn cause overexpression of that proto-oncogene, which in turn induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation. Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto-oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto-oncogene is low, slowly-transforming viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely-transforming viruses, which already carry the viral-oncogene.
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| - | It is impossible to tell the initial cause for any specific cancer. However, with the help of [[molecular biology|molecular biological]] techniques, it is possible to characterize the mutations or chromoo_ol aberrations within a tumor, and rapid progress is being made in the field of predicting [[prognosis]] based on the spectrum of mutations in some cases. For example, some tumors have a defective p53 gene. This mutation is associated with poor prognosis, since those tumor cells are less likely to go into [[apoptosis]] or [[programmed cell death]] when damaged by therapy. [[Telomerase]] mutations remove additional barriers, extending the number of times a cell can divide. Other mutations enable the tumor to [[angiogenesis|grow new blood vessels]] to provide more nutrients, or to [[metastasis|metastasize]], spreading to other parts of the body.
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| - | <!-- more elaboration here, maybe fork off to another article? -->
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| - | Malignant tumor cells have distinct properties:
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| - | * evading [[apoptosis]]
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| - | * unlimited growth potential (immortalitization) due to overabundance of [[telomerase]]
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| - | * self-sufficiency of [[growth factor]]s
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| - | * insensitivity to anti-growth factors
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| - | * increased [[cell division]] rate
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| - | * altered ability to [[cellular differentiation|differentiate]]
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| - | * no ability for [[contact inhibition]]
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| - | * ability to invade neighbouring [[biological tissue|tissue]]s
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| - | * ability to build [[metastasis|metastases]] at distant sites
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| - | * ability to promote blood vessel growth ([[angiogenesis]])
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| - | A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does not usually acquire all these properties at once, but its descendant cells are [[natural selection|selected]] to build them. This process is called [[clonal evolution]]. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a [[point mutation]], which leads to a genetic instability of the cell. The instability can increase to a point where the cell loses whole [[chromosome]]s, or has multiple copies of several. Also, the [[DNA methylation]] pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating [[gene]]s without the usual regulation. Cells that divide at a high rate, such as [[epithelial]]s, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less, for example [[neuron]]s.
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| | ===Morphology=== | | ===Morphology=== |
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| | The most severe cases of dysplasia are referred to as "[[carcinoma in situ]]." In Latin, the term "in situ" means "in place", so carcinoma in situ refers to an uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in the original location and shows no propensity to invade other tissues. Nevertheless, carcinoma in situ may develop into an invasive malignancy and is usually removed surgically, if possible. | | The most severe cases of dysplasia are referred to as "[[carcinoma in situ]]." In Latin, the term "in situ" means "in place", so carcinoma in situ refers to an uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in the original location and shows no propensity to invade other tissues. Nevertheless, carcinoma in situ may develop into an invasive malignancy and is usually removed surgically, if possible. |
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| - | ===Heredity===
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| - | Most forms of cancer are "sporadic", and have no basis in heredity. There are, however, a number of recognised [[syndrome]]s of cancer with a hereditary component, often a defective tumor suppressor [[allele]]. Examples are:
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| - | * certain inherited mutations in the genes ''[[BRCA1]]'' and ''[[BRCA2]]'' are associated with an elevated risk of [[breast cancer]] and [[ovarian cancer]]
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| - | * tumors of various endocrine organs in [[multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN types 1, 2a, 2b)
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| - | * [[Li-Fraumeni syndrome]] (various tumors such as [[osteosarcoma]], breast cancer, [[soft-tissue sarcoma]], [[brain tumor]]s) due to mutations of [[p53]]
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| - | * [[Turcot syndrome]] ([[brain tumor]]s and colonic polyposis)
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| - | * [[Familial adenomatous polyposis]] an inherited mutation of the ''APC'' gene that leads to early onset of [[colon carcinoma]].
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| - | * [[Retinoblastoma]] in young children is an inherited cancer
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| | ===Lifestyle factors=== | | ===Lifestyle factors=== |
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| | Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor spread in various countries. [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] ([[liver]] cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in [[China]] and neighboring countries, most likely due to the [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] presence of [[hepatitis B]] and [[aflatoxin]] in that population. Similarly, with [[tobacco smoking]] becoming more common in various Third World countries, [[lung]] cancer incidence has increased in a parallel fashion. | | Cancer epidemiology closely mirrors risk factor spread in various countries. [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]] ([[liver]] cancer) is rare in the West but is the main cancer in [[China]] and neighboring countries, most likely due to the [[endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] presence of [[hepatitis B]] and [[aflatoxin]] in that population. Similarly, with [[tobacco smoking]] becoming more common in various Third World countries, [[lung]] cancer incidence has increased in a parallel fashion. |
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| - | ==Prevention==
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| - | Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer. This can be accomplished by avoiding [[carcinogen]]s or altering their [[metabolism]], pursuing a lifestyle or diet that modifies cancer-causing factors and/or medical intervention ([[chemoprevention]], treatment of pre-malignant lesions).
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| - | Much of the promise for cancer prevention comes from observational epidemiologic studies that show associations between modifiable life style factors or environmental exposures and specific cancers. Evidence is now emerging from randomized controlled trials designed to test whether interventions suggested by the epidemiologic studies, as well as leads based on laboratory research, actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality.
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| - | Examples of modifiable cancer risk include [[alcohol]] consumption (associated with increased risk of oral, esophageal, breast, and other cancers), smoking (although 20% of women with lung cancer have never smoked, versus 10% of men<ref>{{cite web | title= Lung Cancer in American Women: Facts | url=http://www.nationallungcancerpartnership.org/page.cfm?l=factsWomen | accessdate=2007-01-19 }}</ref>), physical inactivity (associated with increased risk of colon, breast, and possibly other cancers), and being [[obesity|overweight]] (associated with colon, breast, endometrial, and possibly other cancers). Based on epidemiologic evidence, it is now thought that avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, being physically active, and maintaining recommended body weight may all contribute to reductions in risk of certain cancers; however, compared with tobacco exposure, the magnitude of effect is modest or small and the strength of evidence is often weaker. Other lifestyle and environmental factors known to affect cancer risk (either beneficially or detrimentally) include certain o_oually transmitted diseases, the use of exogenous hormones, exposure to [[ionizing radiation]] and [[ultraviolet]] radiation, certain occupational and chemical exposures, and infectious agents.
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| - | See [[alcohol and cancer]] for more on that topic.
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| - | ===Diet and cancer===
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| - | The consensus on diet and cancer is that [[obesity]] increases the risk of developing cancer. Particular dietary practices often explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries (e.g. [[gastric cancer]] is more common in [[Japan]], while [[colon cancer]] is more common in the United States). Studies have shown that immigrants develop the risk of their new country, suggesting a link between diet and cancer rather than a genetic basis. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| - | Despite frequent reports of particular substances (including foods) having a beneficial or detrimental effect on cancer risk, few of these have an established link to cancer. These reports are often based on studies in cultured cell media or animals. Public health recommendations cannot be made on the basis of these studies until they have been validated in an observational (or occasionally a prospective interventional) trial in humans.
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| - | The case of [[beta-carotene]] provides an example of the necessity of randomized clinical trials. [[Epidemiology|Epidemiologists]] studying both diet and serum levels observed that high levels of [[beta-carotene]], a precursor to [[vitamin A]], were associated with a protective effect, reducing the risk of cancer. This effect was particularly strong in lung cancer. This hypothesis led to a series of large randomized trials conducted in both [[Finland]] and the [[United States]] (CARET study) during the 1980s and 1990s. This study provided about 80,000 smokers or former smokers with daily supplements of beta-carotene or [[placebo]]s. Contrary to expectation, these tests found no benefit of [[beta-carotene]] supplementation in reducing lung cancer incidence and mortality. In fact, the risk of lung cancer was slightly, but not significantly, increased by beta-carotene, leading to an early termination of the study.<ref name="CancerTopics-Bcarotene">National Cancer Institute [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/betacarotene Questions and Answers About Beta Carotene Chemoprevention Trials] U.S. National Institutes of Health</ref>
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| - | ===Other chemoprevention agents===
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| - | Daily use of [[tamoxifen]], a [[selective estrogen receptor modulator]] (SERM), typically for 5 years, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing [[breast cancer]] in high-risk women by about 50%. A recent study reported that the [[selective estrogen receptor modulator]] [[raloxifene]] has similar benefits to [[tamoxifen]] in preventing breast cancer in high-risk women, with a more favorable side effect profile.
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| - | <ref>{{cite journal |author=Vogel V, Costantino J, Wickerham D, Cronin W, Cecchini R, Atkins J, Bevers T, Fehrenbacher L, Pajon E, Wade J, Robidoux A, Margolese R, James J, Lippman S, Runowicz C, Ganz P, Reis S, McCaskill-Stevens W, Ford L, Jordan V, Wolmark N |title=Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: the NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=23 |pages=2727-41 |year=2006 |pmid=16754727}}</ref>
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| - | [[Finasteride]], a [[5-alpha-reductase inhibitor]], has been shown to lower the risk of prostate cancer, though it seems to mostly prevent low-grade tumors.
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| - | <ref>{{cite journal |author=Thompson I, Goodman P, Tangen C, Lucia M, Miller G, Ford L, Lieber M, Cespedes R, Atkins J, Lippman S, Carlin S, Ryan A, Szczepanek C, Crowley J, Coltman C |title=The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=349 |issue=3 |pages=215-24 |year=2003 |pmid=12824459}}</ref>
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| - | The effect of [[COX-2 selective inhibitor|COX-2 inhibitors]] such as [[rofecoxib]] and [[celecoxib]] upon the risk of colon polyps have been studied in [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] patients
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| - | <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hallak A, Alon-Baron L, Shamir R, Moshkowitz M, Bulvik B, Brazowski E, Halpern Z, Arber N |title=Rofecoxib reduces polyp recurrence in familial polyposis |journal=Dig Dis Sci |volume=48 |issue=10 |pages=1998-2002 |year=2003 |pmid=14627347}}</ref>
| |
| - | and in the general population.
| |
| - | <ref>{{cite journal |author=Baron J, Sandler R, Bresalier R, Quan H, Riddell R, Lanas A, Bolognese J, Oxenius B, Horgan K, Loftus S, Morton D |title=A randomized trial of rofecoxib for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=1674-82 |year=2006 |pmid=17087947}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bertagnolli M, Eagle C, Zauber A, Redston M, Solomon S, Kim K, Tang J, Rosenstein R, Wittes J, Corle D, Hess T, Woloj G, Boisserie F, Anderson W, Viner J, Bagheri D, Burn J, Chung D, Dewar T, Foley T, Hoffman N, Macrae F, Pruitt R, Saltzman J, Salzberg B, Sylwestrowicz T, Gordon G, Hawk E |title=Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=9 |pages=873-84 |year=2006 |pmid=16943400}}</ref>
| |
| - | In both groups, there were significant reductions in [[colon polyp]] [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]], but this came at the price of increased cardiovascular toxicity.
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| - |
| |
| - | ===Genetic testing===
| |
| - | [[Genetic testing]] for high-risk individuals is already available for certain cancer-related genetic mutations. Carriers of genetic mutations that increase risk for cancer incidence can undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or risk-reducing surgery.
| |
| - | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | ! Gene
| |
| - | ! Cancer types
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| - | ! Availability
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[BRCA1]], [[BRCA2]]
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| - | | Breast, ovarian, pancreatic
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| - | | Commercially available for clinical specimens
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| - | |-
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| - |
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| - | | [[MLH1]], [[MSH2]], [[MSH6]], [[PMS]], [[PMS2]]
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| - | | Colon, uterine, small bowel, stomach, urinary tract
| |
| - | | Commercially available for clinical specimens
| |
| - | |}
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| - |
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| - | ==Diagnosing cancer==
| |
| - | Most cancers are initially recognized either because signs or symptoms appear or through screening. Neither of these lead to a definitive diagnosis, which usually requires the opinion of a [[anatomical pathology|pathologist]].
| |
| - |
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| - | ===Signs and symptoms===
| |
| - | Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
| |
| - | * ''Local symptoms'': unusual lumps or swelling (''[[tumor]]''), [[hemorrhage]] (bleeding), [[Pain and nociception|pain]] and/or [[ulcer]]ation. Compression of surrounding tissues may cause symptoms such as [[jaundice]].
| |
| - | * ''Symptoms of [[metastasis]] (spreading)'': enlarged [[lymph node]]s, [[cough]] and [[hemoptysis]], [[hepatomegaly]] (enlarged [[liver]]), bone pain, [[fracture]] of affected bones and [[neurology|neurological]] symptoms. Although advanced cancer may cause [[Pain and nociception|pain]], it is often not the first symptom.
| |
| - | * ''Systemic symptoms'': [[weight loss]], [[anorexia (symptom)|poor appetite]] and [[cachexia]] ([[wasting]]), excessive [[sweating]] ([[sleep hyperhidrosis|night sweats]]), [[anemia]] and specific [[paraneoplastic phenomenon|paraneoplastic phenomena]], i.e. specific conditions that are due to an active cancer, such as [[thrombosis]] or hormonal changes.
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| - |
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| - | Every single item in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the [[differential diagnosis]]). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item.
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| | | | |
| | ===Biopsy=== | | ===Biopsy=== |
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| | Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "[[cure for cancer]]" any more than there will be a single treatment for all [[infectious disease]]s. | | Because "cancer" refers to a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "[[cure for cancer]]" any more than there will be a single treatment for all [[infectious disease]]s. |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Surgery===
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| - | In theory, cancers can be cured if entirely removed by [[surgery]], but this is not always possible. When the cancer has [[metastasis|metastasized]] to other sites in the body prior to surgery, complete surgical excision is usually impossible.
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| - |
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| - | Examples of surgical procedures for cancer include [[mastectomy]] for breast cancer and [[prostatectomy]] for prostate cancer. The goal of the surgery can be either the removal of only the tumor, or the entire organ. A single cancer cell is invisible to the naked eye but can regrow into a new tumor, a process called [[recurrence]]. For this reason, the [[anatomical pathology|pathologist]] will examine the surgical specimen to determine if a margin of healthy tissue is present, thus decreasing the chance that microscopic cancer cells are left in the patient.
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| - |
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| - | In addition to removal of the primary tumor, surgery is often necessary for [[cancer staging|staging]], e.g. determining the extent of the disease and whether it has [[metastasis|metastasized]] to regional [[lymph node]]s. Staging is a major determinant of [[prognosis]] and of the need for [[adjuvant therapy]].
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| - |
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| - | Occasionally, surgery is necessary to control symptoms, such as [[spinal cord compression]] or [[bowel obstruction]]. This is referred to as [[palliative treatment]].
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| - |
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| - | ===Chemotherapy===
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| - | {{main|Chemotherapy}}
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| - | {{see also|History of cancer chemotherapy}}
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| - |
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| - | [[Chemotherapy]] is the treatment of cancer with [[medication|drugs]] ("anticancer drugs") that can destroy cancer cells. It interferes with cell division in various possible ways, e.g. with the duplication of [[DNA]] or the separation of newly formed [[chromosome]]s. Most forms of chemotherapy target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific for cancer cells. Hence, chemotherapy has the potential to harm healthy tissue, especially those tissues that have a high replacement rate (e.g. intestinal lining). These cells usually repair themselves after chemotherapy.
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| - |
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| - | Because some drugs work better together than alone, two or more drugs are often given at the same time. This is called "combination chemotherapy"; most chemotherapy regimens are given in a combination.
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| - |
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| - | The treatment of some [[leukaemia]]s and [[lymphoma]]s requires the use of high-dose chemotherapy, and [[total body irradiation]] (TBI). This treatment ablates the bone marrow, and hence the body's ability to recover and repopulate the blood. For this reason, bone marrow, or peripheral blood stem cell harvesting is carried out before the ablative part of the therapy, to enable "rescue" after the treatment has been given. This is known as autologous transplantation. Alternatively, bone marrow may be transplanted from a matched unrelated donor (MUD).
| |
| - |
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| - | ===Monoclonal antibody therapy===
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| - | {{main|Monoclonal antibody therapy}}
| |
| - | Immunotherapy is the use of [[immune system|immune]] mechanisms against tumors. These are used in various forms of cancer, such as [[breast cancer]] ([[trastuzumab]]/Herceptin®) and [[leukemia]] ([[gemtuzumab ozogamicin]]/Mylotarg®). The agents are [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] directed against proteins that are characteristic to the cells of the cancer in question, or [[cytokine]]s that modulate the immune system's response.
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| - |
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| - | ===Immunotherapy===
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| - | {{main|Cancer immunotherapy}}
| |
| - | Other, more contemporary methods for generating non-specific immune response against tumours include intravesical [[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin|BCG]] immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer, and use of [[interferon]] and [[interleukin]]. [[Vaccine]]s to generate non-specific [[immune response]]s are the subject of intensive research for a number of tumours, notably [[malignant melanoma]] and [[renal cell carcinoma]].
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| - |
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| - | ===Radiation therapy===
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| - | {{main|Radiation therapy}}
| |
| - | [[Radiation therapy]] (also called radiotherapy, X-ray therapy, or irradiation) is the use of ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation therapy can be administered externally via [[external beam radiotherapy]] (EBRT) or internally via [[brachytherapy]]. The effects of radiation therapy are localised and confined to the region being treated. Radiation therapy injures or destroys cells in the area being treated (the "target tissue") by damaging their genetic material, making it impossible for these cells to continue to grow and divide. Although radiation damages both cancer cells and normal cells, most normal cells can recover from the effects of radiation and function properly. The goal of radiation therapy is to damage as many cancer cells as possible, while limiting harm to nearby healthy tissue. Hence, it is given in many fractions, allowing healthy tissue to recover between fractions.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Radiation therapy may be used to treat almost every type of solid tumor, including cancers of the brain, breast, cervix, larynx, lung, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, uterus, or soft tissue sarcomas. Radiation is also used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. Radiation dose to each site depends on a number of factors, including the radiosensitivity of each cancer type and whether there are tissues and organs nearby that may be damaged by radiation. Thus, as with every form of treatment, radiation therapy is not without its side effects.
| |
| | | | |
| | ===Hormonal suppression=== | | ===Hormonal suppression=== |
| | The growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers. Removing or blocking [[estrogen]] or [[testosterone]] is often an important additional treatment. | | The growth of some cancers can be inhibited by providing or blocking certain hormones. Common examples of hormone-sensitive tumors include certain types of breast and prostate cancers. Removing or blocking [[estrogen]] or [[testosterone]] is often an important additional treatment. |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Symptom control===
| |
| - | Although the control of the symptoms of cancer is not typically thought of as a treatment directed at the cancer, it is an important determinant of the [[quality of life]] of cancer patients, and plays an important role in the decision whether the patient is able to undergo other treatments. Although all practicing doctors have the therapeutic skills to control pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage and other common problems in cancer patients, the multidisciplinary specialty of [[palliative care]] has arisen specifically in response to the symptom control needs of this group of patients.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | [[analgesia|Pain medication]], such as [[morphine]] and [[oxycodone]], and [[antiemetic]]s, drugs to suppress nausea and vomiting, are very commonly used in patients with cancer-related symptoms.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | [[Chronic pain]] due to cancer is almost always associated with continuing tissue damage due to the disease process or the treatment (i.e. surgery, radiation, chemotherapy). Although there is always a role for environmental factors and affective disturbances in the genesis of pain behaviors, these are not usually the predominant etiologic factors in patients with cancer pain. Furthermore, many patients with severe pain associated with cancer are nearing the end of their lives and [[palliative]] therapies are required. Issues such as social stigma of using [[opioids]], work and functional status, and health care consumption are not likely to be important in the overall case management. Hence, the typical strategy for cancer pain management is to get the patient as comfortable as possible using opioids and other medications, surgery, and physical measures.
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| | | | |
| | ===Treatment trials=== | | ===Treatment trials=== |
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| | Patients who take part may be helped personally by the treatment(s) they receive. They get up-to-date care from cancer experts, and they receive either a new treatment being tested or the best available standard treatment for their cancer. Of course, there is no guarantee that a new treatment being tested or a standard treatment will produce good results. New treatments also may have unknown risks, but if a new treatment proves effective or more effective than standard treatment, study patients who receive it may be among the first to benefit. | | Patients who take part may be helped personally by the treatment(s) they receive. They get up-to-date care from cancer experts, and they receive either a new treatment being tested or the best available standard treatment for their cancer. Of course, there is no guarantee that a new treatment being tested or a standard treatment will produce good results. New treatments also may have unknown risks, but if a new treatment proves effective or more effective than standard treatment, study patients who receive it may be among the first to benefit. |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Cancer vaccines===
| |
| - | Considerable research effort is now devoted to the development of [[vaccine]]s (to prevent infection by oncogenic infectious agents, as well as to mount an immune response against cancer-specific [[epitope]]s) and to potential venues for [[gene therapy]] for individuals with genetic mutations or polymorphisms that put them at high risk of cancer.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | As of [[October 2005]], researchers found that an experimental vaccine for [[HPV]] types 16 and 18 was 100% successful at preventing infection with these types of HPV and, thus, are able to prevent the majority of cervical cancer cases.<ref name="Lancet2004-Harper">
| |
| - | {{cite journal | author=Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, Zahaf T, Innis B, Naud P, De Carvalho NS, Roteli-Martins CM, Teixeira J, Blatter MM, Korn AP, Quint W, Dubin G | title=Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial | journal=Lancet | year=2004 | pages=1757-65 | volume=364 | issue=9447 | id=PMID}}</ref>
| |
| | | | |
| | ===Complementary and alternative medicine=== | | ===Complementary and alternative medicine=== |
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| | A wide range of ''alternative'' treatments have been offered for cancer over the last century. The appeal of alternative cures arises from the daunting risks, costs, or potential side effects of many conventional treatments, or in the limited prospect for cure. No alternative therapies have been shown in randomized controlled trials to effectively cure cancer by themselves, although the Journal of Urology published a study in 2005 <ref name="Ornish">{{cite journal | author = Ornish D et al. | title = Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostrate cancer | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 174 | issue = 3 | pages = 1065-9; discussion 1069-70 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16094059}}</ref> demonstrating that a consuming plant based diet and making other lifestyle changes was able to reduce cancer markers in a group of men with prostate cancer using no conventional treatments. Other (unproven) anti-cancer diets include the grape diet and the cabbage diet. | | A wide range of ''alternative'' treatments have been offered for cancer over the last century. The appeal of alternative cures arises from the daunting risks, costs, or potential side effects of many conventional treatments, or in the limited prospect for cure. No alternative therapies have been shown in randomized controlled trials to effectively cure cancer by themselves, although the Journal of Urology published a study in 2005 <ref name="Ornish">{{cite journal | author = Ornish D et al. | title = Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostrate cancer | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 174 | issue = 3 | pages = 1065-9; discussion 1069-70 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 16094059}}</ref> demonstrating that a consuming plant based diet and making other lifestyle changes was able to reduce cancer markers in a group of men with prostate cancer using no conventional treatments. Other (unproven) anti-cancer diets include the grape diet and the cabbage diet. |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Quackery in the treatment of cancer===
| |
| - |
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| - | {{POV}}
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Many substances and techniques proposed for cancer treatment are quackery. Some of the more well-known examples of these ineffectual and potentially dangerous treatments for cancer include [[megavitamin therapy]], [[Electromagnetic Therapy|electromagnetic therapy]] with electrical devices (e.g., "rhumart", "zappers"), [[laetrile]], and [[homeopathic]] remedies, unconventional use of conventional drugs (e.g., [[insulin]]), purges or [[enemas]], physical manipulations of the body, and herbal preparations such as [[essiac]]. While patient stories attesting to the efficacy of these treatments sometimes exist, the treatments share a common thread in that there is no evidence that they accomplish the goal intended in a measurable fashion. Cancer patients are particularly vulnerable to quackery, since they may turn to any available treatment out of desperation for a better outcome, or for simple survival. Quacks can take advantage of this desperation, and without scientific assessment of efficacy, there is no way to determine which treatment is valid and which is quackery.
| |
| - | <ref>[http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/harmquack.html] Some of the harms quacks can precipitate upon cancer patients, their families, and society</ref>
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| - |
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| - | ==Coping with cancer==
| |
| - | Many local organizations offer a variety of practical and support services to people with cancer. Support can take the form of [[Cancer support group|support groups]], [[counseling]], advice, financial assistance, transportation to and from treatment, films or information about cancer. Neighborhood organizations, local health care providers, or area hospitals may have resources or services available.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | While some people are reluctant to seek counseling, studies show that having someone to talk to reduces stress and helps people both mentally and physically. Counseling can also provide emotional support to cancer patients and help them better understand their illness. Different types of counseling include individual, group, family, self-help (sometimes called peer counseling), bereavement, patient-to-patient, and o_ouality.
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| - |
| |
| - | Many governmental and charitable organizations have been established to help patients cope with cancer. These organizations often are involved in cancer prevention, cancer treatment, and cancer research. Examples include: [[American Cancer Society]], [[Lance Armstrong Foundation]], [[BC Cancer Agency]], [[Macmillan Cancer Relief ]], the [[Terry Fox Foundation]], [[Cancer Research UK]], [[Cancer Research Foundation]], [[Canadian Cancer Society]], [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]], [[The Cancer Council Australia]] and the [[National Cancer Institute]] (US).
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==Social impact==
| |
| - | Cancer has a reputation for being a deadly disease. While this certainly applies to certain particular types, the truths behind the historical connotations of cancer are increasingly being overturned by advances in medical care. Some types of cancer have a prognosis that is substantially better than nonmalignant diseases such as [[heart failure]] and [[cerebrovascular accident|stroke]].
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Progressive and disseminated malignant disease has a substantial impact on a cancer patient's quality of life, and many cancer treatments (such as [[chemotherapy]]) may have severe side-effects. In the advanced stages of cancer, many patients need extensive care, affecting family members and friends. [[Palliative care]] solutions may include permanent or "respite" [[hospice]] nursing.
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| - |
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| - | ==Cancer research==
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| - | {{main|Cancer research}}
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Cancer research is the intense scientific effort to understand disease processes and discover possible therapies. Although understanding of cancer has greatly increased since the last decades of the 20th century, few radically new therapies have been discovered.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | [[Targeted therapy]] which first became available in the late 1990s has had a significant impact in the treatment of some types of cancer, and is currently a very active research area. This constitutes the use of agents specific for the deregulated proteins of cancer cells. Small molecules (such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitors [[imatinib]] and [[gefitinib]]) and [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]] have proven to be a major step in oncological treatment.
| |
| - | [[Targeted therapy]] can also involve small peptidic structures as ´homing device´ which can bind to cell surface receptors or affected [[extracellular matrix]] surrounding the tumor. Radionuclides which are attached to this peptides (e.g. RGDs) eventually kill the cancer cell if the nuclide decays in the vicinity of the cell (vide supra [[Radiation therapy]]). Especially oligo- or multimeris of these binding motifs are of great interest, since this can lead to enhanced tumor specificity and avidity.
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| - |
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| - | ==See also==
| |
| - | {{wiktionary}}
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| - | {{Commons|Cancer (illness)}}
| |
| - | * [[American Cancer Society]]
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| - | * [[Alcohol and cancer]]
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| - | * [[Oncology]]
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| - | * [[List of oncology-related terms]]
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| - | * [[American Association for Cancer Research]]
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| - | * [[European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer]] (EORTC)
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| - | *[[Antibiotic Resistance in Cancer Patients]]
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| - |
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| - | ==References==
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| - | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
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| - | <div class="references-small">
| |
| - | <references />
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| - | ===General references===
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| - | * ''The Basic Science of Oncology.'' Tannock IF, Hill RP ''et al'' (eds) 4th ed.2005 McGraw-Hill.
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| - | * ''Principles of Cancer Biology.'' Kleinsmith, LJ (2006). Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
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| - | * {{cite web | title=A Special Message to Cancer Patients Seeking "Alternative" Treatments | url=http://www.quackwatch.org/00AboutQuackwatch/altseek.html | accessdate=2005-12-16 }}
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| - | * {{cite journal | author = Parkin D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P | title = Global cancer statistics, 2002. | journal = CA Cancer J Clin | volume = 55 | issue = 2 | pages = 74-108 | year = | id = PMID}}''[http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/55/2/74 Full text]''
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| - | </div>
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| - |
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| - | ==External links==
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| - |
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| - | ===Professional and research===
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.org/ American Cancer Society Homepage]
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/ETO_1.asp/ American Cancer Society resources on clinical trials] What to look for in clinical trials and how to find open trials.
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| - | * [http://www.leukemia-lymphoma.org/all_page?item_id=225865 / The Leukemia and Lymphoma Society]
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/eto_1_1a.asp?sitearea=ETO/ American Cancer Society Treatment Decision Tools] – Trusted tools for helping patients make informed decisions
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| - | * [http://www.aacr.org American Association for Cancer Research] A non-profit organization supporting advances in the knowledge of causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer.
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| - | * [http://www.who.int/cancer/en/ The World Health Organisation's cancer site] A review of worldwide strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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| - | * [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/ World Health Organization's fact sheet on cancer]
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.gov National Cancer Institute] US Government agency responsible for conducting and supporting research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer, rehabilitation from cancer, and the continuing care of cancer patients and the families of cancer patients.
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| - | * [http://www.nccn.org National Comprehensive Cancer Network] - Free guidelines for professionals and many pages of quality information for patients with all types of cancers
| |
| - | * [http://www.icr.ac.uk The Institute of Cancer Research] One of the world’s foremost independent cancer research organisations, based in the United Kingdom.
| |
| - | * [http://www.eortc.be EORTC] European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. A European non-profit organization that sets up and executes clinical trials.
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| - | * [http://www.isbtc.org International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer] Society of medical professionals committed to investigating, developing and utilizing biologicals and biological therapy for the treatment of malignant disease.
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| - | * [http://ncic.cancer.ca National Cancer Institute of Canada] Longest-standing Canadian research organization devoted to advancing cancer control.
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/STT/content/STT_1x_Cancer_Facts__Figures_2005.asp Cancer Facts & Figures 2005] - 2005 United States Cancer Statistics
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.ca/ccs/internet/standard/0,3182,3172_14279_371283_langId-en,00.html Canadian Cancer Statistics 2006] - This publication reports cancer incidence and mortality in Canada, analyzed by gender, age and province/territory.
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| - | * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cmed.TOC&depth=2 Cancer Medicine, 6th Edition] Textbook
| |
| - | * {{cite web | author =New Scientist | authorlink =New Scientist | year =2006 | url =http://www.newscientist.com/channel/health/cancer | title =Everything you wanted to know about cancer | publisher =New Scientist | accessyear =2006 }}
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| - | * [http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/dietnutrition_and_chronicdiseases/en/ Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases] (including cancer) by a Joint [[WHO]]/[[FAO]] Expert consultation (2003). [http://www.greenfacts.org/en/diet-nutrition/l-2/8-cancer-dietary-factors.htm Summary] by [[GreenFacts]].
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| - | * [http://www.virtualcancercentre.com Virtual Cancer Centre] - information resource with the latest cancerous diseases news by professionals of Oncology, Haematology, Radiation Oncology and Palliative Care.
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| - |
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| - | ===Support and advocacy===
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| - | * [http://www.americancancersociety.org American Cancer Society] Patient advocate group
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| - | * [http://www.actioncancer.org Action Cancer] Northern Ireland Cancer Charity providing screening and support
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.ca Canadian Cancer Society] Information on all types of cancer, ways to reduce your risk. Support for people living with cancer. Advocating for healthy public policy.
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| - | * [http://www.aacr.org/home/survivors--advocates.aspx American Association for Cancer Research Survivor and Patient Advocacy]
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| - | * [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cancer] from [[MedlinePlus]] - provides links to news, general sites, diagnosis, treatment and alternative therapies, clinical trials, research, related issues, organizations, other MedlinePlus [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancers.html Cancers Topics] and [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancerlivingwithcancer.html Living with Cancer], and more. Also, links to pre-formulated searches of the [[MEDLINE]]/PubMed database for recent research articles.
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| - | * [http://info.cancerresearchuk.org Cancer Research UK - Cancer Resources] - In-depth, up-to-date information for people with a professional or general interest in cancer and health.
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| - | * [http://www.cancer.org.au Cancer Council of Australia] - Australia's national non-government cancer control organisation, involved in research, information, prevention, patient treatment and support.
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| - | * [http://www.kids-cancer.org Sydney Children's Hospital: Centre for Cancer and Blood Disorders] - Offers information on childhood cancer, treatment options, and support. [Australia].
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| - | * [http://www.acor.org/ ACOR - Association of Cancer Online Resources] ACOR is a unique collection of online communities designed to provide timely and accurate information in a supportive environment. ACOR offers access to mailing lists that provide support, information, and community to everyone affected by cancer and related disorders.
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| - | * [http://www.insidecancer.org Inside Cancer] Multimedia guide to cancer biology from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
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| - | {{Tumors}}
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| - | [[Category:Oncology|*]]
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| - | [[Category:Causes of death]]
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| - | [[Category:Pathology]]
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| - | [[Category:Types of cancer]]
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| - | [[es:Cáncer]]
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| - | [[eo:Kancero (medicino)]]
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| - | [[eu:Minbizi]]
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| - | [[fa:سرطان]]
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| - | [[fr:Cancer]]
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| - | [[gd:Aillse]]
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| - | [[ko:암]]
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| - | [[hr:Rak (bolest)]]
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| - | [[id:Kanker]]
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| - | [[is:Krabbamein]]
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| - | [[it:Cancro (medicina)]]
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| - | [[he:סרטן (מחלה)]]
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| - | [[la:Cancer (morbus)]]
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| - | [[lt:Vėžys (liga)]]
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| - | [[hu:Rák (betegség)]]
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| - | [[mk:Рак (болест)]]
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| - | [[ms:Penyakit Barah]]
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| - | [[nl:Kanker]]
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| - | [[ja:悪性腫瘍]]
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| - | [[no:Kreft]]
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| - | [[pl:Rak (choroba)]]
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| - | [[pt:Cancro (tumor)]]
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| - | [[ro:Cancer]]
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| - | [[ru:Карцинома]]
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| - | [[sq:Kanceri]]
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| - | [[simple:Cancer]]
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| - | [[sl:Rak (bolezen)]]
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| - | [[sr:Рак (болест)]]
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| - | [[sh:Rak (bolest)]]
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| - | [[fi:Syöpä]]
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| - | [[sv:Cancer]]
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| - | [[ta:நண்டு]]
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| - | [[th:มะเร็ง]]
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| - | [[vi:Ung thư]]
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| - | [[tr:Kanser]]
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| - | [[wa:Magnant må]]
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| - | [[yi:קענסער]]
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| - | [[zh-yue:癌]]
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| - | [[zh:癌症]]
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| - | [[Image:Blood smear.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Human [[blood smear]]: a - [[erythrocytes]]; b - [[neutrophil]]; c - [[eosinophil]]; d - [[lymphocyte]].]]
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| - | {{otheruses}}
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| - | '''Blood''' is a highly specialized [[circulation (physiology)|circulating]] [[biological tissue|tissue]] consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as [[blood plasma|plasma]]. The cellular constituents are: [[red blood cell]]s, which carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain haemoglobin (an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues in the body), [[white blood cell]]s (leukocytes), which fight disease, and [[platelet]]s, cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.
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| - |
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| - | Medical terms related to blood often begin with '''''hemo-''''' or '''''hemato-''''' ([[British English|BE]]: ''haemo-'' and ''haemato-'') from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "''haima''" for "blood." Anatomically, blood is considered a [[connective tissue]] from both its origin in the bones and its function.
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| - |
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| - | == Functions ==
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| - |
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| - | * Supply of [[oxygen]] to tissues (bound to [[hemoglobin]] which is carried in red cells)
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| - | * Supply of nutrients such as [[glucose]], [[amino acids]] and [[fatty acids]] (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins)
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| - | * Removal of waste such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[urea]] and [[lactic acid]]
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| - | * Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by [[antibodies]]
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| - | * [[Coagulation]], which is one part of the body's self-repair mechanism
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| - | * Messenger functions, including the transport of [[hormones]] and the signalling of tissue damage
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| - | * Regulation of body [[pH]]
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| - | * Regulation of core [[body temperature]]
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| - | * [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic]] functions, including [[erection]] (see also [[jumping spider]])
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| - |
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| - | Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. The term ''ischaemia'' refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood.
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| - |
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| - | The blood is circulated around the [[lungs]] and body by the [[pump]]ing action of the [[heart]]. Additional return pressure may be generated by gravity and the actions of skeletal muscles. In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with [[lymph]], which is continuously formed from blood (by capillary ultrafiltration) and returned to the blood (via the [[thoracic duct]]). The lymphatic circulation may be thought of as the "second circulation".
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| - |
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| - | ==Anatomy of mammalian blood==
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| - | Blood is composed of several kinds of cells (occasionally called ''corpuscles''); these ''formed elements'' of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood by volume, mostly red blood cells. The other 55% is [[blood plasma]], a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, appearing yellow in color. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the [[hematocrit]].[[Image:SEM blood cells.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A [[scanning electron microscope]] (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see [[red blood cell]]s, several [[white blood cell]]s including knobby [[lymphocyte]]s, a [[monocyte]], a [[neutrophil]], and many small disc-shaped [[platelet]]s.]]
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| - | The normal [[pH]] of human arterial blood is approximately 7.40 (normal range is 7.35-7.45), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is [[acidic]], while blood pH above 7.45 is [[alkaline]]. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) and [[Bicarbonate|HCO<sub>3</sub>]] readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The [[respiratory system]] and [[urinary system]] normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of [[homeostasis]]. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight,<ref>[http://www.bloodcenters.org/aboutblood/bloodfacts.htm Bloodcenters.org]</ref> so the average adult has a blood volume of about 5 [[litre]]s, of which 2.7-3 litres is plasma. Human blood density is around 1060 kg/m³.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml | title = Density of Blood | accessdate = 2006-10-04 | year = 2004 | publisher = [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/ The Physics Factbook] }}</ref> The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| - |
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| - | The cells are:
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| - | ; [[Red blood cell]]s or erythrocytes (96%) : In mammals, mature red blood cells lack a [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] and [[organelle]]s. They contain the blood's [[haemoglobin]] and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (together with [[endothelial]] vessel cells and some other cells) are also marked by [[glycoprotein]]s that define the different [[Human blood group systems|blood types]].
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| - | ; [[White blood cell]]s or leukocytes (3.0%) : White blood cells are part of the [[immune system]]; they destroy infectious agents, [[pathogens]].
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| - | ; [[Platelet]]s or thrombocytes (1.0%) : Platelets are responsible for blood clotting ([[coagulation]]). They change fibrinogen into fibrin. This fibrin creates a mesh onto which red blood cells collect and clot. This clot stops more blood from leaving the body and also helps to prevent bacteria from entering the body.
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| - |
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| - | [[Blood plasma]] is essentially an [[water|aqueous]] solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma [[protein]]s, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:
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| - |
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| - | * [[Serum albumin]]
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| - | * Blood clotting factors (to facilitate [[coagulation]])
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| - | * [[Immunoglobulins]] (antibodies)
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| - | * [[Hormone]]s
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| - | * Carbon dioxide
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| - | * Various other [[protein]]s
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| - | * Various [[electrolyte]]s (mainly [[sodium]] and [[chlorine]])
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| - |
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| - | Together, plasma and cells form a [[non-Newtonian fluid]] whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels.
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| - |
| |
| - | The term ''serum'' refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and [[antibody|immunoglobulins]].
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| - |
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| - | ==Physiology of blood==
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| - | ===Production and degradation===
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| - | Blood cells are produced in the [[bone marrow]], this process is termed [[hematopoiesis]]. The proteinaceous component (including clotting proteins) is produced overwhelmingly in the [[liver]], while hormones are produced by the [[endocrine gland]]s and the watery fraction is regulated by the [[hypothalamus]] and maintained by the [[kidney]] and indirectly by the [[gut]].
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| - |
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| - | Blood cells are degraded by the [[spleen]] and the [[Kupffer cell]]s in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids and [[amino acid]]s. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the [[urine]]. Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythrocytes created by the process of hematopoiesis.
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| - |
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| - | ===Transport of oxygen===
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| - | {{see|Oxygen transportation}}
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| - |
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| - | Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the most important measure is the hemoglobin (Hb) saturation percentage. This is a non-linear (sigmoidal) function of the [[partial pressure]] of oxygen. About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at normal pressure is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below).
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| - |
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| - | With the exception of [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary]] and [[Umbilical artery|umbilical arteries]] and their corresponding veins, [[artery|arteries]] carry oxygenated blood away from the [[heart]] and deliver it to the body via [[arteriole]]s and [[capillary|capillaries]], where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, [[venule]]s and [[vein]]s carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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| - |
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| - | Differences in infrared absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form the basis for realtime oxygen saturation measurement in hospitals and ambulances.
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| - |
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| - | Under normal conditions in humans at rest, haemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen. In a healthy adult at rest, ''deoxygenated'' blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% saturated.<ref>[http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm Ventilation and Endurance Performance]</ref><ref>[http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart] MSN groups</ref> Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464731 J Physiol. 2005 July 1]</ref> Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia): "As a general rule, any condition which leads to a sustained mixed venous saturation of less than 50% will be poorly tolerated and a mixed venous saturation of less than 30% should be viewed as a medical emergency."<ref>[http://www.manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm The 'St George' Guide To Pulmonary Artery Catheterisation]</ref>
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| - |
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| - | A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 20% of the level found in an adult's lungs) and so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to extract as much oxygen as possible from this sparse supply.<ref>[http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html Oxygen Carriage in Blood - High Altitude]</ref>
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| - |
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| - | Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. [[Carbon monoxide]] for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes [[carboxyhemoglobin]] which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a [[cigarette]] (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.
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| - |
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| - | ====Insects====
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| - | In [[insect]]s, the blood (more properly called [[hemolymph]]) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called [[invertebrate trachea|trachea]]e allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.
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| - |
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| - | ====Small invertebrates====
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| - | In some small [[invertebrate]]s like [[insects]], oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. [[Hemocyanin]] ([[blue]]) contains [[copper]] and is found in [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s. It is thought that [[tunicate]]s (sea squirts) might use [[vanabins]] ([[protein]]s containing [[vanadium]]) for respiratory pigment (bright [[green]], blue, or [[orange (colour)|orange]]).
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| - |
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| - | In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized [[red blood cell]]s, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing [[viscosity]] or damaging blood filtering organs like the [[kidneys]].
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| - |
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| - | ====Deep sea invertebrates====
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| - | [[Giant tube worms]] have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.
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| - |
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| - | ===Transport of carbon dioxide===
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| - | When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form [[carbamino]] compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to [[bicarbonate]] and [[hydrogen ion]]s through the action of RBC [[carbonic anhydrase]]. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.
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| - |
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| - | ===Transport of hydrogen ions===
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| - | Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.
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| - |
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| - | ===Color===
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| - | In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in colour. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.
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| - |
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| - | The blood of [[horseshoe crab]]s is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.
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| - |
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| - | ===Provision of force===
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| - | In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an [[erection]].
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| | | | |
| | ==Health and disease== | | ==Health and disease== |
| - | ===Ancient Medicine===
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| - | [[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]] medicine considered blood one of the [[four humors]] (together with [[phlegm]], [[yellow bile]] and [[black bile]]). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, [[bloodletting]] and [[leeching]] were a common intervention until the [[19th century]] (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).
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| - |
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| - | In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (''sanguine'') personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the [[liver]].
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| - |
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| - | ===Diagnosis===
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| - | [[Blood pressure]] and [[blood test]]s are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.
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| - |
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| - | ===Pathology===
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| - | {{seealso|Blood diseases}}
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| - |
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| - | Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.
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| - |
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| - | * [[Injury|Wounds]] can cause major blood loss (see [[bleeding]]). The [[thrombocyte]]s cause the blood to [[coagulation|coagulate]], blocking relatively minor wounds, but larger ones must be repaired at speed to prevent [[exsanguination]]. Damage to the internal organs can cause severe [[internal bleeding]], or [[hemorrhage]].
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| - | * Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from [[ischemia]] in the short term to tissue [[necrosis]] and [[gangrene]] in the long term.
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| - | * [[Hemophilia]] is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's [[coagulation|clotting mechanisms]]. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in [[hemarthrosis]], or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
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| - | * [[Leukemia]] is a group of [[cancer (medicine)|cancers]] of the blood-forming tissues.
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| - | * Major blood loss, whether traumatic or not (e.g. during surgery), as well as certain blood diseases like [[anemia]] and [[thalassemia]], can require [[blood transfusion]]. Several countries have [[blood bank]]s to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a [[blood type]] compatible with that of the donor.
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| - | * Blood is an important vector of infection. [[HIV]], the [[virus]] which causes [[AIDS]], is transmitted through contact between blood, [[semen]], or the bodily secretions of an infected person. [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Hepatitis C|C]] are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to [[blood-borne infection]]s, bloodstained objects are treated as a [[Biological hazard|biohazard]].
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| - | * Bacterial infection of the blood is [[bacteremia]] or [[sepsis]]. Viral Infection is viremia. [[Malaria]] and [[trypanosomiasis]] are blood-borne parasitic infections.
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| - |
| |
| - | ===Treatment===
| |
| - | [[Blood transfusion]] is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by [[blood donation]]. As there are different [[blood type]]s, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, [[crossmatching]] is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.
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| - |
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| - | Other blood products administered [[intravenous]]ly are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates.
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| - |
| |
| - | Many forms of medication (from [[antibiotic]]s to [[chemotherapy]]) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.
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| - |
| |
| - | As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.
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| - |
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| - | It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use when used.
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| - |
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| | ==Mythology and religion== | | ==Mythology and religion== |
| | Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to [[bloodline]]s, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "[[Blood brother]]". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because ([[Leviticus]] 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood." | | Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to [[bloodline]]s, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "[[Blood brother]]". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because ([[Leviticus]] 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood." |
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| | Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of [[fowl]] and [[game]] after slaughtering ([[Leviticus]] 17:13); the reason given by the [[Torah]] is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in [[Leviticus]] 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the [[sacrifice|sacrificial service]] (known as the ''[[korbanot]]''), in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for atonement of sins for the Jews. | | Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of [[fowl]] and [[game]] after slaughtering ([[Leviticus]] 17:13); the reason given by the [[Torah]] is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in [[Leviticus]] 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the [[sacrifice|sacrificial service]] (known as the ''[[korbanot]]''), in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for atonement of sins for the Jews. |
| - |
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| - | ===Christianity===
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| - | {{main|Eucharist}}
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| - | Some Christian churches, including [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], branches of [[Anglicanism]], and the [[Moravians (religion)|Moravian Church]], teach that when consecrated the [[Eucharist]] [[wine]] ''becomes'' the material Blood of [[Jesus]]. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in [[the Last Supper]] as written in the four gospels of the [[Bible]], in which Jesus stated to his [[Twelve Apostles|disciples]] that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. ''"This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." ({{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke |chapter=22|verse=20}})''. Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians. [[Lutheran]] theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast.
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| - | [[Mormons]] believe that before [[Adam]] and [[Eve (Bible)|Eve]] ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.
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| - |
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| - | ===Islam===
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| - | Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by [[Islamic dietary laws]].
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| - |
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| - | ===Jehovah's Witnesses===
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| - | {{main|Jehovah's Witnesses and blood}}
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| - |
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| - | [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma. Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.
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| | ===Vampire legends=== | | ===Vampire legends=== |
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| | In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing o_oual desire. This often appears in [[China|Chinese-language]] and [[Hong Kong]] [[film]]s. | | In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing o_oual desire. This often appears in [[China|Chinese-language]] and [[Hong Kong]] [[film]]s. |
| | This is also evident in [[Japan]]ese culture and is parodied in [[anime]] and [[manga]]. Male characters will often be shown with a [[nosebleed]] if they have just seen a female [[nude]] or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} | | This is also evident in [[Japan]]ese culture and is parodied in [[anime]] and [[manga]]. Male characters will often be shown with a [[nosebleed]] if they have just seen a female [[nude]] or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Blood libel===
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| - | {{main|Blood libel}}
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| - | Various religious and other groups have been falsely accused of using human blood in rituals; such accusations are known as [[blood libel]]. The most common form of this is [[blood libel against Jews]]. Although there is no ritual involving human blood in Jewish law or custom, fabrications of this nature (often involving the murder of children) were widely used during the Middle Ages to justify [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] persecution and some have persisted into the 21st century.
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| - |
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| - | ==Art==
| |
| - | Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.<ref>[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 "Nostalgia"] Artwork in blood</ref> In particular, the performances of [[Viennese Actionism|Viennese Actionist]] [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Franko B]], [[Lennie Lee]], [[Ron Athey]], [[Yang Zhichao]] and [[Kira O' Reilly]] along with the photography of [[Andres Serrano]], have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. [[Marc Quinn]] has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.
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| - |
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| - | ==See also==
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| - | * [[Artificial blood]]
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| - | * [[List of human blood components]]
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| - | * Blood as [[food]]: see [[black pudding]] and [[tiết canh]]
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| - | * Blood and [[video game censorship]]
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| - | * [[Taboo food and drink#Blood]]
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| - |
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| - | == Notes ==
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| - | <div class="references-small"><references /></div>
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| - | ==External links==
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| - | {{wiktionary}}
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| - | {{commonscat|Blood}}
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| - | *[http://www.bloodjournal.org/ ''Blood Online''], a journal published by the [[American Society of Hematology]]
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| - | {{blood}}
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| - | {{cardiovascular_system}}
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| - | {{transfusion_medicine}}
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| - | [[Category:Blood| ]]
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| - | [[Category:Cardiovascular system]]
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| - | [[Category:Tissues]]
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| - | [[Category:Body fluids]]
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| - | {{Link FA|de}}
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| - | [[ar:دم]]
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| - | [[bs:Krv]]
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| - | [[bg:Кръв]]
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| - | [[ca:Sang]]
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| - | [[cs:Krev]]
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| - | [[cy:Gwaed]]
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| - | [[da:Blod]]
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| - | [[de:Blut]]
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| - | [[arc:ܕܡܐ]]
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| - | [[es:Sangre]]
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| - | [[eo:Sango]]
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| - | [[eu:Odol]]
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| - | [[fa:خون]]
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| - | [[fr:Sang]]
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| - | [[gd:Fuil]]
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| - | [[gl:Sangue]]
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| - | [[ko:혈액]]
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| - | [[id:Darah]]
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| - | [[ia:Sanguine]]
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| - | [[is:Blóð]]
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| - | [[it:Sangue]]
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| - | [[he:דם]]
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| - | [[ka:სისხლი]]
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| - | [[ku:Xwîn]]
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| - | [[la:Sanguis]]
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| - | [[lb:Blutt]]
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| - | [[lt:Kraujas]]
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| - | [[ln:Makilá]]
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| - | [[hu:Vér]]
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| - | [[mk:Крв]]
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| - | [[mt:Demm]]
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| - | [[ms:Darah]]
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| - | [[nl:Bloed]]
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| - | [[ja:血液]]
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| - | [[no:Blod]]
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| - | [[nn:Blod]]
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| - | [[oc:Sang]]
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| - | [[pam:Daya]]
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| - | [[ps:وينه]]
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| - | [[nds:Blood]]
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| - | [[pl:Krew]]
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| - | [[pt:Sangue]]
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| - | [[ro:Sânge]]
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| - | [[qu:Yawar]]
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| - | [[ru:Кровь]]
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| - | [[sq:Gjaku]]
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| - | [[simple:Blood]]
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| - | [[sk:Krv]]
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| - | [[sl:Kri]]
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| - | [[sr:Крв]]
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| - | [[sh:Krv]]
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| - | [[su:Getih]]
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| - | [[fi:Veri]]
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| - | [[sv:Blod]]
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| - | [[ta:குருதி]]
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| - | [[vi:Máu]]
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| - | [[tr:Kan Doku]]
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| - | [[uk:Кров]]
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| - | [[yi:בלוט]]
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| - | [[bat-smg:Kraus]]
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| - | [[zh:血液]]
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| - |
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | Is an accomplished musician
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| - |
| |
| - | == Discography ==
| |
| - | ''This page lists [[Pink Floyd]] albums and singles, both official and unofficial, as well as various awards. For individual songs, see the [[:Category:Pink Floyd songs|category listing]].''
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==Studio albums==
| |
| - | <gallery>
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| - | Image:PinkFloyd-album-piperatthegatesofdawn.jpg|<center>'''1. ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1967]]''')<br><center>'''#6''' UK; '''#131''' US
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| - | Image:PinkFloyd-album-saucerfulofsecrets.jpg|<center>'''2. ''[[A Saucerful of Secrets]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1968]]''')<br><center>'''#9''' UK; didn't chart in the US
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| - | Image:MoreCover.jpg|<center>'''3. ''[[Music from the Film More]]'''<br><center>('''[[1969]]''')<br><center>'''#9''' UK; '''#153''' US
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| - | Image:PinkFloyd-album-ummagummastudio.jpg|<center>'''4. ''[[Ummagumma]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1969]]''')<br>('''[[Double album]]''')<br><center>'''#5''' UK; '''#74''' US Platinum
| |
| - | Image:AtomHeartMotherCover.jpeg|<center>'''5. ''[[Atom Heart Mother]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1970]]''')<br><center>'''#1''' UK; '''#55''' US Gold
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| - | Image:MeddleCover.jpeg|<center>'''6. ''[[Meddle]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1971]]''')<br><center>'''#3''' UK; '''#70''' US 2x Platinum
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| - | Image:Obs.jpg|<center>'''7. ''[[Obscured by Clouds]]'''<br><center>('''[[1972]]''')<br><center>'''#6''' UK; '''#46''' US Gold
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| - | Image:Dsotm.jpg|<center>'''8. ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1973]]''')<br><center>'''#2''' UK; '''#1''' US (1 week) 15x Platinum(Diamond)
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| - | Image:WishYouWereHere.jpg|<center>'''9. ''[[Wish You Were Here (album)|Wish You Were Here]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1975]]''')<br><center> '''#1''' UK; '''#1''' US (2 Weeks) 8x Platinum
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| - | Image:Pink Floyd-Animals-Frontal.jpg|<center>'''10. ''[[Animals (album)|Animals]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1977]]''')<br><center>'''#2''' UK; '''#3''' US 4x Platinum
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| - | Image:PinkfloydThewallcover.jpg|<center>'''11. ''[[The Wall]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1979]]''')<br><center>('''[[Double album]]''')<br><center>'''#3''' UK; '''#1''' US (15 weeks) 23x Platinum (Diamond)
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| - | Image:Thefinalcutcover.jpg|<center>'''12. ''[[The Final Cut (album)|The Final Cut]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1983]]''') '''#1''' UK; '''#6''' US 2x Platinum
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| - | Image:lapse-l.jpg|<center>'''13. ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1987]]''')<br><center>'''#3''' UK; '''#3''' US 4x Platinum
| |
| - | Image:Pink floyd the division bell front.jpg|<center>'''14. ''[[The Division Bell]]'''''<br><center>('''[[1994]]''')<br><center> '''#1''' UK; '''#1''' US (4 weeks) 3x Platinum
| |
| - | </gallery>
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==Live albums==
| |
| - | <gallery>
| |
| - | Image:Dsothunder.jpg|''[[Delicate Sound of Thunder]]'' ([[1988]]) (live) #11 UK; #11 US Platinum
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| - | Image:Pulse.jpg|''[[P*U*L*S*E]]'' ([[1995]]) (2CD, live) '''#1''' UK; '''#1''' US 8X Platinum
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| - | Image:Itaot cd.jpg|''[[Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-81|Is There Anybody Out There?]]'' ([[2000]]) (live) #15 UK; #19 US Platinum
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| - | Image:[[Media:live in japan 1972.gif]]
| |
| - | </gallery>
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| - |
| |
| - | ==Major compilations==
| |
| - | <gallery>
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| - | Image:Pink Floyd Relics 1996.jpg|''[[Relics (Pink Floyd album)|Relics]]'' ([[1971]]) (A-sides, B-sides, album tracks 1967-69) #34 UK; #152 US
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| - | Image:PinkFloyd ANicePair.jpg|''[[A Nice Pair]]'' ([[1973]]) #36 US -The Piper at the Gates of Dawn - A Saucerful Of Secrets (album)Gold
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| - | Image:Collection.jpg|''[[A Collection of Great Dance Songs]]'' ([[1981]]) (compilation) #37 UK; #31 US 2X Platinum
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| - | Image:PinkFloyd-album-works.jpg|''[[Works (Pink Floyd album)|Works]]'' ([[1983]]) (compilation) #68 US
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| - | Image:Shineoncover.jpg|''[[Shine On (Pink Floyd)|Shine On]]'' ([[1992]]) (boxed set) Platinum
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| - | Image:Pink Floyd Echoes.jpg|''[[Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd|Echoes: The Best Of Pink Floyd]]'' ([[2001]]) #2 UK; #2 US 3X Platinum </gallery>
| |
| - | ==Vinyl singles (1960s)==
| |
| - | *1967 (March 11th): "[[Arnold Layne]]" / "[[Candy and a Currant Bun]]" (#20 UK)
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| - | *1967 (June 16th): "[[See Emily Play]]" / "[[The Scarecrow (Pink Floyd song)|The Scarecrow]]" (#6 UK, #134 U.S.)
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| - | *1967 (November 18th): "[[Apples and Oranges (song)|Apples and Oranges]]" / "[[Paint Box]]"
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| - | *1968 (April 12th): "[[It Would Be So Nice]]" / "[[Julia Dream]]"
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| - | *1968 (December 17th): "[[Point Me at the Sky]]" / "[[Careful with That Axe, Eugene]]"
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| - |
| |
| - | ==Other==
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| - | * ''[[Tonite Let's All Make Love in London]]'' (1967 documentary film soundtrack, featuring 2 tracks)
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| - | * "Give Birth to a Smile" (song featuring (uncredited) all four members from Roger Waters and Ron Geesin's ''[[Music from "The Body"]]'', 1969)
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| - | * ''[[The Man and the Journey]]'' (1969 aborted live concept album)
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| - | * ''[[Zabriskie Point (album)|Zabriskie Point]]'' (1970)
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| - | * ''[[Masters of Rock (album)|Masters of Rock]]'' (1974)
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| - | * ''[[London '66-'67]]'' (1995)
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| - | * ''[[1967: The First Three Singles]]'' (1997)
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| - | * ''The Committee'' (1968) (Unreleased soundtrack from the film, [[The Committee]])
| |
| - | * ''The Early Singles (Distributed with the [[Shine On]] box set)
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| - |
| |
| - | ==Bootlegs==
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ''Also see: [[List of Pink Floyd ROIOs]]''
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Pink Floyd are one of the heaviest-bootlegged bands in history, with [[bootleg recording]]s of the band numbering at least in the hundreds. Collectors of these bootlegs often call them [[ROIO|RoIOs]], or '''R'''ecordings of '''I'''ndeterminate/'''I'''llegitimate '''O'''rigin. The vast majority of these are audience recordings of their various concerts, as only a few studio outtakes and soundboard recordings have leaked to bootleggers. The most popular exceptions are the unreleased Syd Barrett songs "Scream Thy Last Scream" and "Vegetable Man", but there are others as well, such as "Lucy Leave" and a cover of Slim Harpo's "I'm a King Bee" both from the first incarnation of the band. Many bootlegs before the 1990s featured singles such as "Candy and a Currant Bun" that had not been released on compilation discs, but these disappeared when the ''The Early Singles'' disc in the ''Shine On'' box set was released. Collecting bootlegs is usually easy, as the internet has made bootleg sales for profit largely pointless. Organizations such as Harvested have made a hobby of cleaning up and remastering bootleg recordings and issuing them to traders for free.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | The hundreds of audience recordings vary in quality from excellent (concerts in 1994 and 1988) to abysmal (the era between 1967 and 1971). Audience noise is often absent, because audiences of the band in their early days were very quiet. There are sometimes recordings of standout quality in a period of otherwise low-quality recordings; an example is the Electric Factory show in late 1970, which was nearly soundboard-quality during a period when most other recordings were extremely poor. (Audience recordings would not regularly be as good as the Electric Factory show until 1988). Other standouts include the "Fireman" source of the Hollywood Bowl concert in 1972, in which a complete rendition of the pre-release "prototype" ''Dark Side of the Moon'' suite was played; the [[9 May]] [[1977]] show in Oakland from the same source, which includes the last performance of "[[Careful with That Axe, Eugene]]" to date; and an excellent recording of the [[24 April]] [[1975]] show in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], taped by the legendary taper [[Mike Millard]], containing the best-existing versions of [[Dick Parry]] performing a saxophone solo in "[[Echoes (1971 song)|Echoes]]" and the prototype "Raving and Drooling" and "You've Gotta Be Crazy", which would eventually become "[[Sheep (song)|Sheep]]" and "[[Dogs (song)|Dogs]]" respectively.
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| - |
| |
| - | The [[6 July]] [[1977]] show in [[Montreal]] is widely traded, the occasion of Roger Waters infamously luring a fan onstage and then spitting on them; his self-disgust after the event inspired the idea of building a wall between the band and the audience. While lower quality than the previously mentioned shows, this concert is extremely popular due to the ability to hear this historic event happen at the end of "[[Pigs (Three Different Ones)]]".
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| - |
| |
| - | One of the most widely traded bootlegs online is ''[[A Tree Full Of Secrets|A Tree Full of Secrets]]'', a massive 18-disc collection of Pink Floyd material which ignores live recordings but includes all material released on albums outside the Pink Floyd discography such as movie soundtracks, radio advertisements, television performances, studio outtakes, rehearsals and alternative mono/stereo remixes. It also features considerable rare solo material from all of Pink Floyd's members except Syd Barrett. It is the definitive collection of all Floyd rarities, and even includes materials suspected of being fake for the sake of completeness and allowing the listener to decide.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Syd Barrett's solo rarities are collected on the "sister set" ''[[Have You Got It Yet?]]'', an equally large set which is also widely traded. In addition to studio rarities from both his Pink Floyd days (many of which are on both sets) and solo era, it also includes well over a hundred covers of Syd Barrett and Barrett-era Pink Floyd songs by major and minor artists.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==Awards list==
| |
| - | Pink Floyd have received several awards during their career.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Silver Clef===
| |
| - | Pink Floyd was awarded a [[Silver Clef award|Silver Clef]] for their charity work for The Nordoff-Robbins Music Center in 1980
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Grammys===
| |
| - | Pink Floyd have been nominated for several [[Grammy Award]]s:
| |
| - | * 1973 nomination for Album of the Year
| |
| - | **"Dark Side of the Moon" -- lost to [[Stevie Wonder]]'s "[[Innervisions]]"
| |
| - | * 1980 nomination for Album of the Year
| |
| - | **"The Wall" -- lost to [[Christopher Cross]]' ''[[Christopher Cross (album)|Christopher Cross]]''
| |
| - | * 1980 nomination for Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group
| |
| - | **"[[Another Brick in the Wall|Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)]]" -- lost to [[Bob Seger]]'s "Against the Wind"
| |
| - | * 1994 nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance
| |
| - | **"Marooned" from ''[[The Division Bell]]'' -- won
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===American Music Awards===
| |
| - | Pink Floyd have been nominated for an [[American Music Award]]
| |
| - | * 1995 nomination for Best Pop/Rock Duo or Group -- lost to [[Ace of Base]]
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===RIAA gold certifications===
| |
| - | * ''Atom Heart Mother''
| |
| - | * ''Obscured by Clouds''
| |
| - | * ''A Nice Pair''
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===RIAA platinum certifications===
| |
| - | * ''Ummagumma'' (1,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Meddle'' - '''2x''' (2,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Dark Side of the Moon'' - '''15x''' (15,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Dark Side of the Moon DVD'' - '''2x''' (100,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Live at Pompei VHS/DVD'' - '''2x''' (100,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Wish You Were Here'' - '''6x''' (6,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Animals'' - '''4x''' (4,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''The Wall'' - '''23x''' (11,500,000+)
| |
| - | * ''A Collection of Great Dance Songs'' - '''2x''' (2,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''The Final Cut'' - '''3x''' (3,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''A Momentary Lapse of Reason'' - '''4x''' (4,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Delicate Sound of Thunder'' - '''3x''' (3,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Shine On'' - (9-CD boxed set) (1,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''The Division Bell'' - '''3x''' (3,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Pulse'' - '''2x''' (2,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Pulse VHS/DVD'' - '''8x''' (400,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live'' (1,000,000+)
| |
| - | * ''Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd'' '''3x''' (3,000,000+)
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Both Dark Side of The Moon, and The Wall are Diamond records, for selling over 10 million copies.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | Total US Sales According to RIAA 73,500,000+
| |
| - |
| |
| - | (see [[RIAA]])
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Rock And Roll Hall of Fame===
| |
| - | Pink Floyd were inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in [[1996]], and the [[UK Music Hall of Fame]] in [[2005]]. Barrett did not attend any of the inductions, due to his constant illness. Waters did not attend the 1996 induction, citing sickness, but did accept his 2005 induction via camera. Gilmour and Mason attended both events, but Wright could not make the 2005 induction due to eye surgery.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ===Miscellaneous===
| |
| - | In 2002 [[Q (magazine)|''Q'' magazine]] named Pink Floyd as one of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die". Two years later, the same magazine would place Pink Floyd as the biggest band of all time, above the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin, according to a complex system for comparing bands which included album sales, charts performance and concert attendance.
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==Singles==
| |
| - |
| |
| - | {| class="wikitable"
| |
| - | |rowspan="2"|'''Year'''
| |
| - | |rowspan="2"| '''Song'''
| |
| - | |colspan="4"| '''Chart positions'''
| |
| - | |rowspan="2"| '''Album'''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | |US [[Billboard Hot 100|Singles Chart]]
| |
| - | |US [[Mainstream Rock Tracks chart|Mainstream Rock]]
| |
| - | |US [[Modern Rock Tracks chart|Modern Rock]]
| |
| - | |[[UK Singles Chart]]
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1967]]
| |
| - | | "[[Arnold Layne]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #20
| |
| - | | single only
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1967]]
| |
| - | | "[[Flaming (Pink Floyd song)|Flaming]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1967]]
| |
| - | | "[[See Emily Play]]"
| |
| - | | #134
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #6
| |
| - | | single only
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1967]]
| |
| - | | "[[Apples and Oranges (song)|Apples and Oranges]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | single only
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1968]]
| |
| - | | "[[It Would Be So Nice]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | single only
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1968]]
| |
| - | | "[[Let There Be More Light]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[A Saucerful of Secrets]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1968]]
| |
| - | | "[[Point Me at the Sky]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | single only
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1969]]
| |
| - | | "[[The Nile Song]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Music from the Film More]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1971]]
| |
| - | | "[[One of These Days]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Meddle]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1971]]
| |
| - | | "[[Fearless]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Meddle]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1972]]
| |
| - | | "[[Free Four]]"
| |
| - | | #46
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Obscured by Clouds]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1973]]
| |
| - | | "[[Money (Pink Floyd song)|Money]]"
| |
| - | | #13
| |
| - | | #37
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1973]]
| |
| - | | "[[Us and Them]]"/"[[Time (Pink Floyd song)|Time (edited version)]]"
| |
| - | | #101
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1975]]
| |
| - | | "[[Wish You Were Here (song)|Wish You Were Here]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Wish You Were Here (album)|Wish You Were Here]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1975]]
| |
| - | | "[[Have a Cigar]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Wish You Were Here (album)|Wish You Were Here]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1979]]
| |
| - | | "[[Another Brick in the Wall, Part II]]"
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | ''[[The Wall]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1980]]
| |
| - | | "[[Comfortably Numb]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Wall]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1980]]
| |
| - | | "[[Hey You]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Wall]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1980]]
| |
| - | | "[[Young Lust (song)|Young Lust]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #6
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Wall]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1980]]
| |
| - | | "[[Run Like Hell]]"
| |
| - | | #53
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Wall]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1982]]
| |
| - | | "[[When the Tigers Broke Free]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #39
| |
| - | | ''[[Pink Floyd The Wall (film)|The Wall soundtrack]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1983]]
| |
| - | | "[[Not Now John]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #7
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #30
| |
| - | | ''[[The Final Cut (album)|The Final Cut]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1983]]
| |
| - | | "[[Your Possible Pasts]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #8
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Final Cut (album)|The Final Cut]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1983]]
| |
| - | | "[[The Fletcher Memorial Home]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Final Cut (album)|The Final Cut]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1983]]
| |
| - | | "[[The Hero's Return]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #31
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Final Cut (album)|The Final Cut]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1987]]
| |
| - | | "[[Learning to Fly (song)|Learning To Fly]]"
| |
| - | | #70
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1987]]
| |
| - | | "[[On the Turning Away]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #55
| |
| - | | ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1988]]
| |
| - | | "[[The Dogs of War]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #30
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1988]]
| |
| - | | "[[One Slip]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #5
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #50
| |
| - | | ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1988]]
| |
| - | | "[[Sorrow (Pink Floyd song)|Sorrow]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #36
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[A Momentary Lapse of Reason]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1988]]
| |
| - | | "[[Time (Pink Floyd song)|Time (Live)]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #34
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Delicate Sound of Thunder]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1988]]
| |
| - | | "[[Comfortably Numb|Comfortably Numb (Live)]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #24
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Delicate Sound of Thunder]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1994]]
| |
| - | | "[[Keep Talking]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | '''#1'''
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #26
| |
| - | | ''[[The Division Bell]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1994]]
| |
| - | | "[[Take It Back]]"
| |
| - | | #73
| |
| - | | #4
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #23
| |
| - | | ''[[The Division Bell]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1994]]
| |
| - | | "[[High Hopes (Pink Floyd song)|High Hopes]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #7
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #26
| |
| - | | ''[[The Division Bell]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1994]]
| |
| - | | "[[What Do You Want from Me]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #16
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Division Bell]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1995]]
| |
| - | | "[[Lost For Words (song)|Lost for Words]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #21
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[The Division Bell]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1995]]
| |
| - | | "What Do You Want from Me (Live)"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #13
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[P*U*L*S*E]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[1995]]
| |
| - | | "[[Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd song)|Wish You Were Here (Live)]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[P*U*L*S*E]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | | [[2000]]
| |
| - | | "[[Young Lust (song)|Young Lust (Live)]]"
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | #15
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | -
| |
| - | | ''[[Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-81]]''
| |
| - | |-
| |
| - | |}
| |
| - |
| |
| - | ==External links==
| |
| - | *[http://home.att.net/~chuckayoub/pink_floyd/pink_floyd_lyrics.html Pink Floyd Lyrics]
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| - |
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| - | {{Pink Floyd}}
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| - |
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| - | <!-- Categories, from narrowest to most generic -->
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| - |
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| - | [[Category:Experimental musical groups]]
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| - | [[Category:Pink Floyd]]
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| - | [[Category:Discographies]]
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| - |
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| - | [[fr:Discographie de Pink Floyd]]
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| - | [[hu:Pink Floyd-diszkográfia]]
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