JirotheHero

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[[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]]  
[[Image:JirotheHero.jpg|thumb|This is what JirotheHero actually looks like]]  
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[[Image:Blood smear.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Human [[blood smear]]: a - [[erythrocytes]]; b - [[neutrophil]]; c - [[eosinophil]]; d - [[lymphocyte]].]]
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{{otheruses}}
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'''Blood''' is a highly specialized [[circulation (physiology)|circulating]] [[biological tissue|tissue]] consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as [[blood plasma|plasma]]. The cellular constituents are: [[red blood cell]]s, which carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain haemoglobin (an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues in the body), [[white blood cell]]s (leukocytes), which fight disease, and [[platelet]]s, cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.
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Medical terms related to blood often begin with '''''hemo-''''' or '''''hemato-''''' ([[British English|BE]]: ''haemo-'' and ''haemato-'') from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "''haima''" for "blood."  Anatomically, blood is considered a [[connective tissue]] from both its origin in the bones and its function.
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== Functions ==
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* Supply of [[oxygen]] to tissues (bound to [[hemoglobin]] which is carried in red cells)
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* Supply of nutrients such as [[glucose]], [[amino acids]] and [[fatty acids]] (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins)
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* Removal of waste such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[urea]] and [[lactic acid]]
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* Immunological functions, including circulation of white cells, and detection of foreign material by [[antibodies]]
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* [[Coagulation]], which is one part of the body's self-repair mechanism
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* Messenger functions, including the transport of [[hormones]] and the signalling of tissue damage
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* Regulation of body [[pH]]
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* Regulation of core [[body temperature]]
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* [[Hydraulics|Hydraulic]] functions, including [[erection]] (see also [[jumping spider]])
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Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. The term ''ischaemia'' refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood.
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The blood is circulated around the [[lungs]] and body by the [[pump]]ing action of the [[heart]].  Additional return pressure may be generated by gravity and the actions of skeletal muscles. In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with [[lymph]], which is continuously formed from blood (by capillary ultrafiltration) and returned to the blood (via the [[thoracic duct]]). The lymphatic circulation may be thought of as the "second circulation".
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==Anatomy of mammalian blood==
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Blood is composed of several kinds of cells (occasionally called ''corpuscles''); these ''formed elements'' of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood by volume, mostly red blood cells. The other 55% is [[blood plasma]], a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, appearing yellow in color. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the [[hematocrit]].[[Image:SEM blood cells.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A [[scanning electron microscope]] (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see [[red blood cell]]s, several [[white blood cell]]s including knobby [[lymphocyte]]s, a [[monocyte]], a [[neutrophil]], and many small disc-shaped [[platelet]]s.]]
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The normal [[pH]] of human arterial blood is approximately 7.40 (normal range is 7.35-7.45), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is [[acidic]], while blood pH above 7.45 is [[alkaline]]. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO<sub>2</sub>) and [[Bicarbonate|HCO<sub>3</sub>]] readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The [[respiratory system]] and [[urinary system]] normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of [[homeostasis]]. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight,<ref>[http://www.bloodcenters.org/aboutblood/bloodfacts.htm Bloodcenters.org]</ref> so the average adult has a blood volume of about 5 [[litre]]s, of which 2.7-3 litres is plasma. Human blood density is around 1060 kg/m³.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml | title = Density of Blood | accessdate = 2006-10-04 | year = 2004 | publisher = [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/ The Physics Factbook] }}</ref> The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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The cells are:
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; [[Red blood cell]]s or erythrocytes (96%) : In mammals, mature red blood cells lack a [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] and [[organelle]]s. They contain the blood's [[haemoglobin]] and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (together with [[endothelial]] vessel cells and some other cells) are also marked by [[glycoprotein]]s that define the different [[Human blood group systems|blood types]].
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; [[White blood cell]]s or leukocytes (3.0%) : White blood cells are part of the [[immune system]]; they destroy infectious agents, [[pathogens]].
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; [[Platelet]]s or thrombocytes (1.0%) : Platelets are responsible for blood clotting ([[coagulation]]). They change fibrinogen into fibrin. This fibrin creates a mesh onto which red blood cells collect and clot. This clot stops more blood from leaving the body and also helps to prevent bacteria from entering the body.
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[[Blood plasma]] is essentially an [[water|aqueous]] solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma [[protein]]s, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:
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* [[Serum albumin]]
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* Blood clotting factors (to facilitate [[coagulation]])
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* [[Immunoglobulins]] (antibodies)
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* [[Hormone]]s
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* Carbon dioxide
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* Various other [[protein]]s
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* Various [[electrolyte]]s (mainly [[sodium]] and [[chlorine]])
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Together, plasma and cells form a [[non-Newtonian fluid]] whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels.
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The term ''serum'' refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and [[antibody|immunoglobulins]].
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==Physiology of blood==
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===Production and degradation===
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Blood cells are produced in the [[bone marrow]], this process is termed [[hematopoiesis]]. The proteinaceous component (including clotting proteins) is produced overwhelmingly in the [[liver]], while hormones are produced by the [[endocrine gland]]s and the watery fraction is regulated by the [[hypothalamus]] and maintained by the [[kidney]] and indirectly by the [[gut]].
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Blood cells are degraded by the [[spleen]] and the [[Kupffer cell]]s in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids and [[amino acid]]s. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the [[urine]]. Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythrocytes created by the process of hematopoiesis.
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===Transport of oxygen===
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{{see|Oxygen transportation}}
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Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the most important measure is the hemoglobin (Hb) saturation percentage. This is a non-linear (sigmoidal) function of the [[partial pressure]] of oxygen. About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at normal pressure is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below).
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With the exception of [[Pulmonary artery|pulmonary]] and [[Umbilical artery|umbilical arteries]] and their corresponding veins, [[artery|arteries]] carry oxygenated blood away from the [[heart]] and deliver it to the body via [[arteriole]]s and [[capillary|capillaries]], where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, [[venule]]s and [[vein]]s carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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Differences in infrared absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form the basis for realtime oxygen saturation measurement in hospitals and ambulances.
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Under normal conditions in humans at rest, haemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen.  In a healthy adult at rest, ''deoxygenated'' blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% saturated.<ref>[http://home.hia.no/~stephens/ventphys.htm Ventilation and Endurance Performance]</ref><ref>[http://groups.msn.com/TransplantSupportLungHeartLungHeart/oxygen2.msnw Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart] MSN groups</ref>  Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1464731 J Physiol. 2005 July 1]</ref>  Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia): "As a general rule, any condition which leads to a sustained mixed venous saturation of less than 50% will be poorly tolerated and a mixed venous saturation of less than 30% should be viewed as a medical emergency."<ref>[http://www.manbit.com/PAC/chapters/P30.cfm The 'St George' Guide To Pulmonary Artery Catheterisation]</ref>
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A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 20% of the level found in an adult's lungs) and so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to extract as much oxygen as possible from this sparse supply.<ref>[http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot20.html Oxygen Carriage in Blood - High Altitude]</ref>
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Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. [[Carbon monoxide]] for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes [[carboxyhemoglobin]] which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a [[cigarette]] (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.
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====Insects====
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In [[insect]]s, the blood (more properly called [[hemolymph]]) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called [[invertebrate trachea|trachea]]e allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.
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====Small invertebrates====
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In some small [[invertebrate]]s like [[insects]], oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. [[Hemocyanin]] ([[blue]]) contains [[copper]] and is found in [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s. It is thought that [[tunicate]]s (sea squirts) might use [[vanabins]] ([[protein]]s containing [[vanadium]]) for respiratory pigment (bright [[green]], blue, or [[orange (colour)|orange]]).
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In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized [[red blood cell]]s, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing [[viscosity]] or damaging blood filtering organs like the [[kidneys]].
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====Deep sea invertebrates====
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[[Giant tube worms]] have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments.  These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.
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===Transport of carbon dioxide===
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When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form [[carbamino]] compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to [[bicarbonate]] and [[hydrogen ion]]s through the action of RBC [[carbonic anhydrase]]. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.
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===Transport of hydrogen ions===
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Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.
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===Color===
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In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in colour. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.
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The blood of [[horseshoe crab]]s is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.
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===Provision of force===
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In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an [[erection]].
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==Health and disease==
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===Ancient Medicine===
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[[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]] medicine considered blood one of the [[four humors]] (together with [[phlegm]], [[yellow bile]] and [[black bile]]). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, [[bloodletting]] and [[leeching]] were a common intervention until the [[19th century]] (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).
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In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (''sanguine'') personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the [[liver]].
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===Diagnosis===
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[[Blood pressure]] and [[blood test]]s are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.
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===Pathology===
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{{seealso|Blood diseases}}
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Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.
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* [[Injury|Wounds]] can cause major blood loss (see [[bleeding]]). The [[thrombocyte]]s cause the blood to [[coagulation|coagulate]], blocking relatively minor wounds, but larger ones must be repaired at speed to prevent [[exsanguination]]. Damage to the internal organs can cause severe [[internal bleeding]], or [[hemorrhage]].
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* Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from [[ischemia]] in the short term to tissue [[necrosis]] and [[gangrene]] in the long term.
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* [[Hemophilia]] is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's [[coagulation|clotting mechanisms]]. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in [[hemarthrosis]], or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
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* [[Leukemia]] is a group of [[cancer (medicine)|cancers]] of the blood-forming tissues.
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* Major blood loss, whether traumatic or not (e.g. during surgery), as well as certain blood diseases like [[anemia]] and [[thalassemia]], can require [[blood transfusion]]. Several countries have [[blood bank]]s to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a [[blood type]] compatible with that of the donor.
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* Blood is an important vector of infection. [[HIV]], the [[virus]] which causes [[AIDS]], is transmitted through contact between blood, [[semen]], or the bodily secretions of an infected person. [[Hepatitis B]] and [[Hepatitis C|C]] are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to [[blood-borne infection]]s, bloodstained objects are treated as a [[Biological hazard|biohazard]].
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* Bacterial infection of the blood is [[bacteremia]] or [[sepsis]]. Viral Infection is viremia. [[Malaria]] and [[trypanosomiasis]] are blood-borne parasitic infections.
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===Treatment===
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[[Blood transfusion]] is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by [[blood donation]]. As there are different [[blood type]]s, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, [[crossmatching]] is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.
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Other blood products administered [[intravenous]]ly are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates.
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Many forms of medication (from [[antibiotic]]s to [[chemotherapy]]) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.
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As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.
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It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use when used.
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==Mythology and religion==
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Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to [[bloodline]]s, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "[[Blood brother]]". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because ([[Leviticus]] 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood."
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===Indigenous Australians===
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In many [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples']] traditions [[ochre]] (particularly red) and blood, both high in [[iron]] content and considered [[Maban]], are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual.  As Lawlor states:<blockquote>
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In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers.  In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies.  Red ochre is used in similar ways in less secret ceremonies.  Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies.  Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive. 
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<ref>Lawlor, Robert (1991).  ''Voices Of The First Day:  Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime.'' Page 102-3. Rochester, Vermont:  Inner Traditions International, Ltd.  ISBN 0-89281-355-5</ref></blockquote> Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the Dreamtime.  Lawlor then draws information from different disciplines charting a relationship between these invisible energetic realms and [[magnetic fields]].  Iron and [[magnetism]] having a marked relationship.
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===Indo-European paganism===
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Among the [[Germanic tribe]]s (such as the [[Anglo-Saxons]] and the [[Norsemen]]), blood was used during the sacrifices, the ''[[Blót]]s''. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called ''bleodsian'' in [[Old English language|Old English]] and the terminology was borrowed by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] becoming ''to bless'' and ''blessing''. The [[Hittite language|Hittite]] word for blood, ''ishar'' was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see [[Ishara]].
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The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] believed that the blood of the Gods, ''[[ichor]]'', was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.
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===Judaism===
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In [[Judaism]], blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity ([[Leviticus]] 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish [[diet (nutrition)|dietary]] laws ([[Kashrut]]). Blood is purged from [[meat]] by [[salting (food)|salting]] and soaking in water.
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Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of [[fowl]] and [[game]] after slaughtering ([[Leviticus]] 17:13); the reason given by the [[Torah]] is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in [[Leviticus]] 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the [[sacrifice|sacrificial service]] (known as the ''[[korbanot]]''), in the [[Temple in Jerusalem]]. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for atonement of sins for the Jews.
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===Christianity===
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{{main|Eucharist}}
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Some Christian churches, including [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], branches of [[Anglicanism]], and the [[Moravians (religion)|Moravian Church]], teach that when consecrated the [[Eucharist]] [[wine]] ''becomes'' the material Blood of [[Jesus]]. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in [[the Last Supper]] as written in the four gospels of the [[Bible]], in which Jesus stated to his [[Twelve Apostles|disciples]] that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. ''"This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." ({{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke |chapter=22|verse=20}})''. Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians.  [[Lutheran]] theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast.
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[[Mormons]] believe that before [[Adam]] and [[Eve (Bible)|Eve]] ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.
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===Islam===
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Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by [[Islamic dietary laws]].
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===Jehovah's Witnesses===
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{{main|Jehovah's Witnesses and blood}}
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[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma.  Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.
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===Vampire legends===
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[[Vampire]]s are mythological beings which live forever by drinking the blood of the living. Stories of creatures of this kind are known all over the world. European versions of this myth are mostly inspired by folklore based on the stories regarding [[Vlad Dracula]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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===Chinese and Japanese culture===
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In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing o_oual desire. This often appears in [[China|Chinese-language]] and [[Hong Kong]] [[film]]s.
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This is also evident in [[Japan]]ese culture and is parodied in [[anime]] and [[manga]]. Male characters will often be shown with a [[nosebleed]] if they have just seen a female [[nude]] or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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===Blood libel===
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{{main|Blood libel}}
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Various religious and other groups have been falsely accused of using human blood in rituals; such accusations are known as [[blood libel]]. The most common form of this is [[blood libel against Jews]]. Although there is no ritual involving human blood in Jewish law or custom, fabrications of this nature (often involving the murder of children) were widely used during the Middle Ages to justify [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] persecution and some have persisted into the 21st century.
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==Art==
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Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.<ref>[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 "Nostalgia"] Artwork in blood</ref> In particular, the performances of [[Viennese Actionism|Viennese Actionist]] [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Franko B]], [[Lennie Lee]], [[Ron Athey]], [[Yang Zhichao]] and [[Kira O' Reilly]] along with the photography of [[Andres Serrano]], have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element.  [[Marc Quinn]] has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.
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==See also==
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* [[Artificial blood]]
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* [[List of human blood components]]
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* Blood as [[food]]: see [[black pudding]] and [[tiết canh]]
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* Blood and [[video game censorship]]
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* [[Taboo food and drink#Blood]]
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== Notes ==
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<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
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==External links==
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{{wiktionary}}
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{{commonscat|Blood}}
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*[http://www.bloodjournal.org/ ''Blood Online''], a journal published by the [[American Society of Hematology]]
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{{blood}}
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{{cardiovascular_system}}
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{{transfusion_medicine}}
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[[Category:Blood| ]]
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[[Category:Cardiovascular system]]
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[[Category:Tissues]]
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[[Category:Body fluids]]
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{{Link FA|de}}
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[[ar:دم]]
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[[bs:Krv]]
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[[bg:Кръв]]
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[[ca:Sang]]
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[[cs:Krev]]
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[[cy:Gwaed]]
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[[da:Blod]]
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[[de:Blut]]
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[[arc:ܕܡܐ]]
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[[es:Sangre]]
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[[eo:Sango]]
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[[eu:Odol]]
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[[fa:خون]]
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[[fr:Sang]]
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[[gd:Fuil]]
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[[gl:Sangue]]
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[[ko:혈액]]
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[[id:Darah]]
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[[ia:Sanguine]]
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[[is:Blóð]]
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[[it:Sangue]]
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[[he:דם]]
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[[ka:სისხლი]]
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[[ku:Xwîn]]
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[[la:Sanguis]]
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[[lb:Blutt]]
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[[lt:Kraujas]]
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[[ln:Makilá]]
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[[hu:Vér]]
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[[mk:Крв]]
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[[mt:Demm]]
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[[ms:Darah]]
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[[nl:Bloed]]
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[[ja:血液]]
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[[no:Blod]]
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[[nn:Blod]]
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[[oc:Sang]]
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[[pam:Daya]]
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[[ps:وينه]]
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[[nds:Blood]]
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[[pl:Krew]]
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[[pt:Sangue]]
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[[ro:Sânge]]
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[[qu:Yawar]]
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[[ru:Кровь]]
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[[sq:Gjaku]]
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[[simple:Blood]]
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[[sk:Krv]]
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[[sl:Kri]]
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[[sr:Крв]]
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[[sh:Krv]]
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[[su:Getih]]
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[[fi:Veri]]
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[[sv:Blod]]
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[[ta:குருதி]]
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[[vi:Máu]]
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[[tr:Kan Doku]]
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[[uk:Кров]]
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[[yi:בלוט]]
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[[bat-smg:Kraus]]
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[[zh:血液]]
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Is an accomplished musician
Is an accomplished musician

Revision as of 02:21, 26 March 2007

This is what JirotheHero actually looks like
File:Blood smear.jpg
Human blood smear: a - erythrocytes; b - neutrophil; c - eosinophil; d - lymphocyte.

Template:Otheruses Blood is a highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma. The cellular constituents are: red blood cells, which carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain haemoglobin (an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to tissues in the body), white blood cells (leukocytes), which fight disease, and platelets, cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.

Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo- or hemato- (BE: haemo- and haemato-) from the Greek word "haima" for "blood." Anatomically, blood is considered a connective tissue from both its origin in the bones and its function.

Contents

Functions

Problems with blood composition or circulation can lead to downstream tissue dysfunction. The term ischaemia refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood.

The blood is circulated around the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart. Additional return pressure may be generated by gravity and the actions of skeletal muscles. In mammals, blood is in equilibrium with lymph, which is continuously formed from blood (by capillary ultrafiltration) and returned to the blood (via the thoracic duct). The lymphatic circulation may be thought of as the "second circulation".

Anatomy of mammalian blood

Blood is composed of several kinds of cells (occasionally called corpuscles); these formed elements of the blood constitute about 45% of whole blood by volume, mostly red blood cells. The other 55% is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, appearing yellow in color. The proportion of blood occupied by red blood cells is referred to as the hematocrit.
File:SEM blood cells.jpg
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several white blood cells including knobby lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.

The normal pH of human arterial blood is approximately 7.40 (normal range is 7.35-7.45), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below 7.35 is acidic, while blood pH above 7.45 is alkaline. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and HCO3 readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The respiratory system and urinary system normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of homeostasis. Blood is about 7% of the human body weight,<ref>Bloodcenters.org</ref> so the average adult has a blood volume of about 5 litres, of which 2.7-3 litres is plasma. Human blood density is around 1060 kg/m³.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly 2,000 times as great as the body's exterior surface.Template:Fact

The cells are:

Red blood cells or erythrocytes (96%) 
In mammals, mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles. They contain the blood's haemoglobin and distribute oxygen. The red blood cells (together with endothelial vessel cells and some other cells) are also marked by glycoproteins that define the different blood types.
White blood cells or leukocytes (3.0%) 
White blood cells are part of the immune system; they destroy infectious agents, pathogens.
Platelets or thrombocytes (1.0%) 
Platelets are responsible for blood clotting (coagulation). They change fibrinogen into fibrin. This fibrin creates a mesh onto which red blood cells collect and clot. This clot stops more blood from leaving the body and also helps to prevent bacteria from entering the body.

Blood plasma is essentially an aqueous solution containing 92% water, 8% blood plasma proteins, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:

Together, plasma and cells form a non-Newtonian fluid whose flow properties are uniquely adapted to the architecture of the blood vessels.

The term serum refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and immunoglobulins.

Physiology of blood

Production and degradation

Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, this process is termed hematopoiesis. The proteinaceous component (including clotting proteins) is produced overwhelmingly in the liver, while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by the kidney and indirectly by the gut.

Blood cells are degraded by the spleen and the Kupffer cells in the liver. The liver also clears some proteins, lipids and amino acids. The kidney actively secretes waste products into the urine. Erythrocytes usually live up to 120 days before they are systematically replaced by new erythrocytes created by the process of hematopoiesis.

Transport of oxygen

Template:See

Blood oxygenation is measured in several ways, but the most important measure is the hemoglobin (Hb) saturation percentage. This is a non-linear (sigmoidal) function of the partial pressure of oxygen. About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of arterial blood in a healthy human breathing air at normal pressure is chemically combined with the Hb. Only 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to Hb. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals and many other species (for exceptions, see below).

With the exception of pulmonary and umbilical arteries and their corresponding veins, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and deliver it to the body via arterioles and capillaries, where the oxygen is consumed; afterwards, venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Differences in infrared absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood form the basis for realtime oxygen saturation measurement in hospitals and ambulances.

Under normal conditions in humans at rest, haemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen. In a healthy adult at rest, deoxygenated blood returning to the lungs is still approximately 75% saturated.<ref>Ventilation and Endurance Performance</ref><ref>Transplant Support- Lung, Heart/Lung, Heart MSN groups</ref> Increased oxygen consumption during sustained exercise reduces the oxygen saturation of venous blood, which can reach less than 15% in a trained athlete; although breathing rate and blood flow increase to compensate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood can drop to 95% or less under these conditions.<ref>J Physiol. 2005 July 1</ref> Oxygen saturation this low is considered dangerous in an individual at rest (for instance, during surgery under anesthesia): "As a general rule, any condition which leads to a sustained mixed venous saturation of less than 50% will be poorly tolerated and a mixed venous saturation of less than 30% should be viewed as a medical emergency."<ref>The 'St George' Guide To Pulmonary Artery Catheterisation</ref>

A fetus, receiving oxygen via the placenta, is exposed to much lower oxygen pressures (about 20% of the level found in an adult's lungs) and so fetuses produce another form of hemoglobin with a much higher affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin F) in order to extract as much oxygen as possible from this sparse supply.<ref>Oxygen Carriage in Blood - High Altitude</ref>

Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes carboxyhemoglobin which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a cigarette (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.

Insects

In insects, the blood (more properly called hemolymph) is not involved in the transport of oxygen. (Openings called tracheae allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). Insect blood moves nutrients to the tissues and removes waste products in an open system.

Small invertebrates

In some small invertebrates like insects, oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. Hemocyanin (blue) contains copper and is found in crustaceans and mollusks. It is thought that tunicates (sea squirts) might use vanabins (proteins containing vanadium) for respiratory pigment (bright green, blue, or orange).

In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized red blood cells, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing viscosity or damaging blood filtering organs like the kidneys.

Deep sea invertebrates

Giant tube worms have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.

Transport of carbon dioxide

When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form carbamino compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate and hydrogen ions through the action of RBC carbonic anhydrase. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.

Transport of hydrogen ions

Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.

Color

In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in colour. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.

The blood of horseshoe crabs is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.

Provision of force

In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an erection.

Health and disease

Ancient Medicine

Hippocratic medicine considered blood one of the four humors (together with phlegm, yellow bile and black bile). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, bloodletting and leeching were a common intervention until the 19th century (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).

In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (sanguine) personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the liver.

Diagnosis

Blood pressure and blood tests are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.

Pathology

Template:Seealso

Problems with blood circulation and composition play a role in many diseases.

  • Wounds can cause major blood loss (see bleeding). The thrombocytes cause the blood to coagulate, blocking relatively minor wounds, but larger ones must be repaired at speed to prevent exsanguination. Damage to the internal organs can cause severe internal bleeding, or hemorrhage.
  • Circulation blockage can also create many medical conditions from ischemia in the short term to tissue necrosis and gangrene in the long term.
  • Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms. This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis, or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
  • Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
  • Major blood loss, whether traumatic or not (e.g. during surgery), as well as certain blood diseases like anemia and thalassemia, can require blood transfusion. Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
  • Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is transmitted through contact between blood, semen, or the bodily secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections, bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard.
  • Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis. Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.

Treatment

Blood transfusion is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by blood donation. As there are different blood types, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, crossmatching is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.

Other blood products administered intravenously are platelets, blood plasma, cryoprecipitate and specific coagulation factor concentrates.

Many forms of medication (from antibiotics to chemotherapy) are administered intravenously, as they are not readily or adequately absorbed by the digestive tract.

As stated above, some diseases are still treated by removing blood from the circulation.

It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use when used.

Mythology and religion

Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to bloodlines, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "Blood brother". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because (Leviticus 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood."

Indigenous Australians

In many indigenous Australian Aboriginal peoples' traditions ochre (particularly red) and blood, both high in iron content and considered Maban, are applied to the bodies of dancers for ritual. As Lawlor states:
In many Aboriginal rituals and ceremonies, red ochre is rubbed all over the naked bodies of the dancers. In secret, sacred male ceremonies, blood extracted from the veins of the participant's arms is exchanged and rubbed on their bodies. Red ochre is used in similar ways in less secret ceremonies. Blood is also used to fasten the feathers of birds onto people's bodies. Bird feathers contain a protein that is highly magnetically sensitive. <ref>Lawlor, Robert (1991). Voices Of The First Day: Awakening in the Aboriginal dreamtime. Page 102-3. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions International, Ltd. ISBN 0-89281-355-5</ref>
Lawlor comments that blood employed in this fashion is held by these peoples to attune the dancers to the invisible energetic realm of the Dreamtime. Lawlor then draws information from different disciplines charting a relationship between these invisible energetic realms and magnetic fields. Iron and magnetism having a marked relationship.

Indo-European paganism

Among the Germanic tribes (such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norsemen), blood was used during the sacrifices, the Blóts. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called bleodsian in Old English and the terminology was borrowed by the Roman Catholic Church becoming to bless and blessing. The Hittite word for blood, ishar was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see Ishara. The Ancient Greeks believed that the blood of the Gods, ichor, was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.

Judaism

In Judaism, blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity (Leviticus 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut). Blood is purged from meat by salting and soaking in water.

Other rituals involving blood are the covering of the blood of fowl and game after slaughtering (Leviticus 17:13); the reason given by the Torah is: "Because the life of every animal is [in] his blood" (ibid 17:14), although from its context in Leviticus 3:17 it would appear that blood cannot be consumed because it is to be used in the sacrificial service (known as the korbanot), in the Temple in Jerusalem. Blood (the blood of a lamb) was also the means for atonement of sins for the Jews.

Christianity

Template:Main Some Christian churches, including Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, branches of Anglicanism, and the Moravian Church, teach that when consecrated the Eucharist wine becomes the material Blood of Jesus. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in the Last Supper as written in the four gospels of the Bible, in which Jesus stated to his disciples that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. "This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." (Template:Sourcetext). Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians. Lutheran theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast. Mormons believe that before Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.

Islam

Consumption of food containing blood is forbidden by Islamic dietary laws.

Jehovah's Witnesses

Template:Main

Jehovah's Witnesses do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma. Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.

Vampire legends

Vampires are mythological beings which live forever by drinking the blood of the living. Stories of creatures of this kind are known all over the world. European versions of this myth are mostly inspired by folklore based on the stories regarding Vlad Dracula.Template:Fact

Chinese and Japanese culture

In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing o_oual desire. This often appears in Chinese-language and Hong Kong films. This is also evident in Japanese culture and is parodied in anime and manga. Male characters will often be shown with a nosebleed if they have just seen a female nude or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.Template:Fact

Blood libel

Template:Main Various religious and other groups have been falsely accused of using human blood in rituals; such accusations are known as blood libel. The most common form of this is blood libel against Jews. Although there is no ritual involving human blood in Jewish law or custom, fabrications of this nature (often involving the murder of children) were widely used during the Middle Ages to justify anti-Semitic persecution and some have persisted into the 21st century.

Art

Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.<ref>"Nostalgia" Artwork in blood</ref> In particular, the performances of Viennese Actionist Hermann Nitsch, Franko B, Lennie Lee, Ron Athey, Yang Zhichao and Kira O' Reilly along with the photography of Andres Serrano, have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. Marc Quinn has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.

See also

Notes

<references />

External links

Template:Wiktionary Template:Commonscat

Template:Blood Template:Cardiovascular system Template:Transfusion medicineTemplate:Link FA

ar:دم bs:Krv bg:Кръв ca:Sang cs:Krev cy:Gwaed da:Blod de:Blut arc:ܕܡܐ es:Sangre eo:Sango eu:Odol fa:خون fr:Sang gd:Fuil gl:Sangue ko:혈액 id:Darah ia:Sanguine is:Blóð it:Sangue he:דם ka:სისხლი ku:Xwîn la:Sanguis lb:Blutt lt:Kraujas ln:Makilá hu:Vér mk:Крв mt:Demm ms:Darah nl:Bloed ja:血液 no:Blod nn:Blod oc:Sang pam:Daya ps:وينه nds:Blood pl:Krew pt:Sangue ro:Sânge qu:Yawar ru:Кровь sq:Gjaku simple:Blood sk:Krv sl:Kri sr:Крв sh:Krv su:Getih fi:Veri sv:Blod ta:குருதி vi:Máu tr:Kan Doku uk:Кров yi:בלוט bat-smg:Kraus zh:血液



Is an accomplished musician

Discography

This page lists Pink Floyd albums and singles, both official and unofficial, as well as various awards. For individual songs, see the category listing.

Studio albums

PinkFloyd-album-piperatthegatesofdawn.jpg
1. The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
<center>(1967)
<center>#6 UK; #131 US
PinkFloyd-album-saucerfulofsecrets.jpg
2. A Saucerful of Secrets
<center>(1968)
<center>#9 UK; didn't chart in the US
MoreCover.jpg
3. Music from the Film More
<center>(1969)
<center>#9 UK; #153 US
PinkFloyd-album-ummagummastudio.jpg
4. Ummagumma
<center>(1969)
(Double album)
<center>#5 UK; #74 US Platinum
AtomHeartMotherCover.jpeg
5. Atom Heart Mother
<center>(1970)
<center>#1 UK; #55 US Gold
MeddleCover.jpeg
6. Meddle
<center>(1971)
<center>#3 UK; #70 US 2x Platinum
Obs.jpg
7. Obscured by Clouds
<center>(1972)
<center>#6 UK; #46 US Gold
Dsotm.jpg
8. The Dark Side of the Moon
<center>(1973)
<center>#2 UK; #1 US (1 week) 15x Platinum(Diamond)
WishYouWereHere.jpg
9. Wish You Were Here
<center>(1975)
<center> #1 UK; #1 US (2 Weeks) 8x Platinum
Pink Floyd-Animals-Frontal.jpg
10. Animals
<center>(1977)
<center>#2 UK; #3 US 4x Platinum
PinkfloydThewallcover.jpg
11. The Wall
<center>(1979)
<center>(Double album)
<center>#3 UK; #1 US (15 weeks) 23x Platinum (Diamond)
Thefinalcutcover.jpg
12. The Final Cut
<center>(1983) #1 UK; #6 US 2x Platinum
Lapse-l.jpg
13. A Momentary Lapse of Reason
<center>(1987)
<center>#3 UK; #3 US 4x Platinum
Pink floyd the division bell front.jpg
14. The Division Bell
<center>(1994)
<center> #1 UK; #1 US (4 weeks) 3x Platinum

Live albums

Dsothunder.jpg

Delicate Sound of Thunder (1988) (live) #11 UK; #11 US Platinum

Pulse.jpg

P*U*L*S*E (1995) (2CD, live) #1 UK; #1 US 8X Platinum

Itaot cd.jpg

Is There Anybody Out There? (2000) (live) #15 UK; #19 US Platinum

Major compilations

Pink Floyd Relics 1996.jpg

Relics (1971) (A-sides, B-sides, album tracks 1967-69) #34 UK; #152 US

PinkFloyd ANicePair.jpg

A Nice Pair (1973) #36 US -The Piper at the Gates of Dawn - A Saucerful Of Secrets (album)Gold

Collection.jpg

A Collection of Great Dance Songs (1981) (compilation) #37 UK; #31 US 2X Platinum

PinkFloyd-album-works.jpg

Works (1983) (compilation) #68 US

Shineoncover.jpg

Shine On (1992) (boxed set) Platinum

Pink Floyd Echoes.jpg

Echoes: The Best Of Pink Floyd (2001) #2 UK; #2 US 3X Platinum

Vinyl singles (1960s)

Other

Bootlegs

Also see: List of Pink Floyd ROIOs

Pink Floyd are one of the heaviest-bootlegged bands in history, with bootleg recordings of the band numbering at least in the hundreds. Collectors of these bootlegs often call them RoIOs, or Recordings of Indeterminate/Illegitimate Origin. The vast majority of these are audience recordings of their various concerts, as only a few studio outtakes and soundboard recordings have leaked to bootleggers. The most popular exceptions are the unreleased Syd Barrett songs "Scream Thy Last Scream" and "Vegetable Man", but there are others as well, such as "Lucy Leave" and a cover of Slim Harpo's "I'm a King Bee" both from the first incarnation of the band. Many bootlegs before the 1990s featured singles such as "Candy and a Currant Bun" that had not been released on compilation discs, but these disappeared when the The Early Singles disc in the Shine On box set was released. Collecting bootlegs is usually easy, as the internet has made bootleg sales for profit largely pointless. Organizations such as Harvested have made a hobby of cleaning up and remastering bootleg recordings and issuing them to traders for free.

The hundreds of audience recordings vary in quality from excellent (concerts in 1994 and 1988) to abysmal (the era between 1967 and 1971). Audience noise is often absent, because audiences of the band in their early days were very quiet. There are sometimes recordings of standout quality in a period of otherwise low-quality recordings; an example is the Electric Factory show in late 1970, which was nearly soundboard-quality during a period when most other recordings were extremely poor. (Audience recordings would not regularly be as good as the Electric Factory show until 1988). Other standouts include the "Fireman" source of the Hollywood Bowl concert in 1972, in which a complete rendition of the pre-release "prototype" Dark Side of the Moon suite was played; the 9 May 1977 show in Oakland from the same source, which includes the last performance of "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" to date; and an excellent recording of the 24 April 1975 show in Los Angeles, taped by the legendary taper Mike Millard, containing the best-existing versions of Dick Parry performing a saxophone solo in "Echoes" and the prototype "Raving and Drooling" and "You've Gotta Be Crazy", which would eventually become "Sheep" and "Dogs" respectively.

The 6 July 1977 show in Montreal is widely traded, the occasion of Roger Waters infamously luring a fan onstage and then spitting on them; his self-disgust after the event inspired the idea of building a wall between the band and the audience. While lower quality than the previously mentioned shows, this concert is extremely popular due to the ability to hear this historic event happen at the end of "Pigs (Three Different Ones)".

One of the most widely traded bootlegs online is A Tree Full of Secrets, a massive 18-disc collection of Pink Floyd material which ignores live recordings but includes all material released on albums outside the Pink Floyd discography such as movie soundtracks, radio advertisements, television performances, studio outtakes, rehearsals and alternative mono/stereo remixes. It also features considerable rare solo material from all of Pink Floyd's members except Syd Barrett. It is the definitive collection of all Floyd rarities, and even includes materials suspected of being fake for the sake of completeness and allowing the listener to decide.

Syd Barrett's solo rarities are collected on the "sister set" Have You Got It Yet?, an equally large set which is also widely traded. In addition to studio rarities from both his Pink Floyd days (many of which are on both sets) and solo era, it also includes well over a hundred covers of Syd Barrett and Barrett-era Pink Floyd songs by major and minor artists.

Awards list

Pink Floyd have received several awards during their career.

Silver Clef

Pink Floyd was awarded a Silver Clef for their charity work for The Nordoff-Robbins Music Center in 1980

Grammys

Pink Floyd have been nominated for several Grammy Awards:

American Music Awards

Pink Floyd have been nominated for an American Music Award

  • 1995 nomination for Best Pop/Rock Duo or Group -- lost to Ace of Base

RIAA gold certifications

  • Atom Heart Mother
  • Obscured by Clouds
  • A Nice Pair

RIAA platinum certifications

  • Ummagumma (1,000,000+)
  • Meddle - 2x (2,000,000+)
  • Dark Side of the Moon - 15x (15,000,000+)
  • Dark Side of the Moon DVD - 2x (100,000+)
  • Live at Pompei VHS/DVD - 2x (100,000+)
  • Wish You Were Here - 6x (6,000,000+)
  • Animals - 4x (4,000,000+)
  • The Wall - 23x (11,500,000+)
  • A Collection of Great Dance Songs - 2x (2,000,000+)
  • The Final Cut - 3x (3,000,000+)
  • A Momentary Lapse of Reason - 4x (4,000,000+)
  • Delicate Sound of Thunder - 3x (3,000,000+)
  • Shine On - (9-CD boxed set) (1,000,000+)
  • The Division Bell - 3x (3,000,000+)
  • Pulse - 2x (2,000,000+)
  • Pulse VHS/DVD - 8x (400,000+)
  • Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live (1,000,000+)
  • Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd 3x (3,000,000+)

Both Dark Side of The Moon, and The Wall are Diamond records, for selling over 10 million copies.

Total US Sales According to RIAA 73,500,000+

(see RIAA)

Rock And Roll Hall of Fame

Pink Floyd were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996, and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. Barrett did not attend any of the inductions, due to his constant illness. Waters did not attend the 1996 induction, citing sickness, but did accept his 2005 induction via camera. Gilmour and Mason attended both events, but Wright could not make the 2005 induction due to eye surgery.

Miscellaneous

In 2002 Q magazine named Pink Floyd as one of the "50 Bands To See Before You Die". Two years later, the same magazine would place Pink Floyd as the biggest band of all time, above the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin, according to a complex system for comparing bands which included album sales, charts performance and concert attendance.

Singles

Year Song Chart positions Album
US Singles Chart US Mainstream Rock US Modern Rock UK Singles Chart
1967 "Arnold Layne" - - - #20 single only
1967 "Flaming" - - - - The Piper at the Gates of Dawn
1967 "See Emily Play" #134 - - #6 single only
1967 "Apples and Oranges" - - - - single only
1968 "It Would Be So Nice" - - - - single only
1968 "Let There Be More Light" - - - - A Saucerful of Secrets
1968 "Point Me at the Sky" - - - - single only
1969 "The Nile Song" - - - - Music from the Film More
1971 "One of These Days" - - - - Meddle
1971 "Fearless" - - - - Meddle
1972 "Free Four" #46 - - - Obscured by Clouds
1973 "Money" #13 #37 - - The Dark Side of the Moon
1973 "Us and Them"/"Time (edited version)" #101 - - - The Dark Side of the Moon
1975 "Wish You Were Here" - - - - Wish You Were Here
1975 "Have a Cigar" - - - - Wish You Were Here
1979 "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II" #1 #1 - #1 The Wall
1980 "Comfortably Numb" - #1 - - The Wall
1980 "Hey You" - #1 - - The Wall
1980 "Young Lust" - #6 - - The Wall
1980 "Run Like Hell" #53 - - - The Wall
1982 "When the Tigers Broke Free" - - - #39 The Wall soundtrack
1983 "Not Now John" - #7 - #30 The Final Cut
1983 "Your Possible Pasts" - #8 - - The Final Cut
1983 "The Fletcher Memorial Home" - - - - The Final Cut
1983 "The Hero's Return" - #31 - - The Final Cut
1987 "Learning To Fly" #70 #1 - - A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1987 "On the Turning Away" - #1 - #55 A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1988 "The Dogs of War" - #30 - - A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1988 "One Slip" - #5 - #50 A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1988 "Sorrow" - #36 - - A Momentary Lapse of Reason
1988 "Time (Live)" - #34 - - Delicate Sound of Thunder
1988 "Comfortably Numb (Live)" - #24 - - Delicate Sound of Thunder
1994 "Keep Talking" - #1 - #26 The Division Bell
1994 "Take It Back" #73 #4 - #23 The Division Bell
1994 "High Hopes" - #7 - #26 The Division Bell
1994 "What Do You Want from Me" - #16 - - The Division Bell
1995 "Lost for Words" - #21 - - The Division Bell
1995 "What Do You Want from Me (Live)" - #13 - - P*U*L*S*E
1995 "Wish You Were Here (Live)" - - - - P*U*L*S*E
2000 "Young Lust (Live)" - #15 - - Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-81

External links

Template:Pink Floydfr:Discographie de Pink Floyd hu:Pink Floyd-diszkográfia

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