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The Cheka was created immediately after the October Revolution, during the first days of Bolshevik government. The Cheka was established on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by a communist Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. The full name of the agency was The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage.  In 1918 its name was slightly altered, becoming All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption. In 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Administration or GPU, a section of the NKVD of the RSFSR.
The Cheka was created immediately after the October Revolution, during the first days of Bolshevik government. The Cheka was established on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by a communist Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. The full name of the agency was The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage.  In 1918 its name was slightly altered, becoming All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption. In 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Administration or GPU, a section of the NKVD of the RSFSR.
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===GPU/OGPU===
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===GPU===
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoye_Politicheskoye_Upravlenie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoye_Politicheskoye_Upravlenie
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State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR. OGPU was reincorporated into NKVD of the USSR in July 1934, becoming the GUGB department. Its final transformation was into the more infamously known Committee for State Security (KGB).
State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR. OGPU was reincorporated into NKVD of the USSR in July 1934, becoming the GUGB department. Its final transformation was into the more infamously known Committee for State Security (KGB).
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===GUGB===
===GUGB===
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUGB
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUGB
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1954-1991
1954-1991
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==Today==
 
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After the [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|State Emergency Committee]] failed to overthrow [[Gorbachev]] and [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] took over, [[General]] [[Vadim Bakatin]] was given instructions to dissolve the KGB.
 
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In Russia today, KGB functions are performed by the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]] (Foreign Intelligence Service) and the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation).  The [[GRU]], Main Intelligence Directorate, continues to operate as well.
 
==Function==
==Function==
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The agency performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "enemies of the people". In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie, members of the clergy, and political opponents of the new regime.
The agency performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "enemies of the people". In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie, members of the clergy, and political opponents of the new regime.
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==Atrocities==
 
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka
 
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The Cheka is reported to have practiced torture. Victims were skinned alive, scalped, "crowned" with barbed wire, impaled, crucified, hanged, stoned to death, tied to planks and pushed slowly into furnaces or tanks of boiling water, and rolled around naked in internally nail-studded barrels. Chekists poured water on naked prisoners in the winter-bound streets until they became living ice statues. Others beheaded their victims by twisting their necks until their heads could be torn off. The Chinese Cheka detachments stationed in Kiev reportedly would attach an iron tube to the torso of a bound victim and insert a rat into the other end which was then closed off with wire netting. The tube was then held over a flame until the rat began gnawing through the victim's guts in an effort to escape. Denikin’s investigation discovered corpses whose lungs, throats, and mouths had been packed with earth.
 
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Women and children were also victims of Cheka terror. Women would sometimes be tortured and raped before being shot. Children between the ages of 8 and 16 were imprisoned and occasionally executed.
 
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==Timeline==
 
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_secret_police
 
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* [[February 6]], [[1922]]: Cheka became GPU, a section of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR.
 
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* November 15, [[1923]]: GPU was reorganized into OGPU under the [[Council of People's Commissars]] of the USSR.
 
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* [[July 10]], [[1934]]: OGPU became [[GUGB]] of the NKVD of the USSR; NKVD of the Russian SFSR ceased to exist.
 
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* [[February 3]], [[1941]]: The GUGB of the NKVD was briefly separated out into the NKGB, then merged back in, and then in 1943 separated out again.
 
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* [[March 18]], [[1946]]: All [[People's Commissariat|People's Commissariates]] were renamed to [[Ministry (government department)|Ministries]].
 
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* [[May 30]], [[1947]]: Official decision with the expressed purpose of "upgrading coordination of different intelligence services and concentrating their efforts on major directions". In the summer of 1948 the military personnel in KI were returned to the Soviet military to reconstitute a foreign military intelligence arm of the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet emigres were returned to the MGB in late 1948. In 1951 the KI returned to the MGB.
 
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* [[March 5]], [[1953]]: MVD and MGB are merged into the MVD by [[Lavrenty Beria]].
 
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* [[March 13]], [[1954]]: Newly independent force became the KGB, as Beria was purged and the MVD divested itself again of the functions of secret policing. After renamings and tumults, the KGB remained stable until 1991.
 
==Leaders==
==Leaders==
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_secret_police
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_secret_police
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Cheka  
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*'''[[Cheka]]''' (Abbreviation of Vecheka, itself an acronym for "All-Russian Extraordinary Committee to Combat Counter-Revolution and Sabotage") ([[Russian SFSR]])
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* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1917 - 1918
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** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1917 - 1918
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* [[Yakov Peters]] 1918
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** [[Yakov Peters]] 1918
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* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1918 - [[1922]]
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** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1918 - [[1922]]
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[[February 6]], [[1922]]: Cheka became GPU, a section of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR.
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Cheka became GPU
 
* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1922 - [[1923]]
* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1922 - [[1923]]
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GPU was reorganized into OGPU under the [[Council of People's Commissars]] of the USSR.
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[[November 15]], [[1923]]: GPU was reorganized into OGPU under the [[Council of People's Commissars]] of the USSR.
 +
 
* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1923 - July 1926
* [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1923 - July 1926
* [[Vyacheslav Menzhinsky]] July 1926 - May 1934       
* [[Vyacheslav Menzhinsky]] July 1926 - May 1934       
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OGPU became [[GUGB]] of the NKVD of the USSR; NKVD of the Russian SFSR ceased to exist.
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[[July 10]], [[1934]]: OGPU became [[GUGB]] of the NKVD of the USSR; NKVD of the Russian SFSR ceased to exist.
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* [[Genrikh Yagoda]] 1934 - 1936
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* [[Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov|Nikolai Yezhov]] 1936 - 1938
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* [[Lavrenty Beria]] 1938 - [[1945]]
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The GUGB of the NKVD was briefly separated out into the NKGB, then merged back in, and then in 1943 separated out again.
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*[[Genrikh Yagoda]] 1934 - 1936
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* [[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] February 3, 1941 - July 20, 1941 (NKGB folded back into NKVD)
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*[[Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov|Nikolai Yezhov]] 1936 - 1938
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* [[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] [[April 14]], [[1943]] - 1946 (NKGB reseparated from NKVD)
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*[[Lavrenty Beria]] 1938 - [[1945]]
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All [[People's Commissariat|People's Commissariates]] were renamed to [[Ministry (government department)|Ministries]].
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[[February 3]], [[1941]]: The GUGB of the NKVD was briefly separated out into the NKGB, then merged back in, and then in 1943 separated out again.
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* [[Viktor Semionovich Abakumov]] 1946 - 1951
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* [[Semyon Ignatyev|Semion Denisovich Ignatiyev]] 1951 - 1953
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MVD and MGB are merged into the MVD by [[Lavrenty Beria]].
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*[[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] [[February 3]], [[1941]] - [[July 20]], [[1941]] (NKGB folded back into NKVD)
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* [[Lavrenty Beria]] March, 1953 - June, 1953
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*[[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] [[April 14]], [[1943]] - 1946 (NKGB reseparated from NKVD)
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* [[Sergey Nikiforovich Kruglov]] June, 1953 - March, 1954
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Newly independent force became the KGB. After renamings and tumults, the KGB remained stable until 1991.  
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[[March 18]], [[1946]]: All [[People's Commissariat|People's Commissariates]] were renamed to [[Ministry (government department)|Ministries]].
 +
 
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*[[Viktor Semionovich Abakumov]] 1946 - 1951
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*[[Semyon Ignatyev|Semion Denisovich Ignatiyev]] 1951 - 1953
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* The [[East Germany|East German]] secret police, the [[Stasi]], took their name from this iteration.
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*'''[[KI]]''' - "Committee of Information"
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**[[Peter Fedotov]] [[MGB]]
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**[[Fedor Kuznetsov]] [[GRU]]
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**[[Yakov Malik]] [[Foreign Ministry]]
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[[May 30]], [[1947]]: Official decision with the expressed purpose of "upgrading coordination of different intelligence services and concentrating their efforts on major directions". In the summer of 1948 the military personnel in KI were returned to the Soviet military to reconstitute a foreign military intelligence arm of the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet emigres were returned to the MGB in late 1948. In 1951 the KI returned to the MGB.
 +
 
 +
[[March 5]], [[1953]]: MVD and MGB are merged into the MVD by [[Lavrenty Beria]].
 +
 
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*[[Lavrenty Beria]] March, 1953 - June, 1953
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*[[Sergey Nikiforovich Kruglov]] June, 1953 - March, 1954
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 +
[[March 13]], [[1954]]: Newly independent force became the KGB, as Beria was purged and the MVD divested itself again of the functions of secret policing. After renamings and tumults, the KGB remained stable until 1991.  
* [[Ivan Serov]] ([[March 13]] [[1954]] - [[December 8]] [[1958]])
* [[Ivan Serov]] ([[March 13]] [[1954]] - [[December 8]] [[1958]])
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* [[Leonid Shebarshin]] ( August 22 1991 - August 23 [[1991]], acting)
* [[Leonid Shebarshin]] ( August 22 1991 - August 23 [[1991]], acting)
* [[Vadim Bakatin]] ([[August 23]] [[1991]] - [[October 22]] [[1991]])
* [[Vadim Bakatin]] ([[August 23]] [[1991]] - [[October 22]] [[1991]])
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[[category: delete]]
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 +
After the [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|State Emergency Committee]] failed to overthrow [[Gorbachev]] and [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] took over, [[General]] [[Vadim Bakatin]] was given instructions to dissolve the KGB. 
 +
 
 +
In Russia today, KGB functions are performed by the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]] (Foreign Intelligence Service) and the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation).  The [[GRU]], Main Intelligence Directorate, continues to operate as well.

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