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The Cheka was created immediately after the October Revolution, during the first days of Bolshevik government. The Cheka was established on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by a communist Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. The full name of the agency was The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage. In 1918 its name was slightly altered, becoming All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption. In 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Administration or GPU, a section of the NKVD of the RSFSR. | The Cheka was created immediately after the October Revolution, during the first days of Bolshevik government. The Cheka was established on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently led by a communist Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. The full name of the agency was The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage. In 1918 its name was slightly altered, becoming All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption. In 1922, the Cheka was transformed into the State Political Administration or GPU, a section of the NKVD of the RSFSR. | ||
- | ===GPU | + | ===GPU=== |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoye_Politicheskoye_Upravlenie | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosudarstvennoye_Politicheskoye_Upravlenie | ||
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State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR. OGPU was reincorporated into NKVD of the USSR in July 1934, becoming the GUGB department. Its final transformation was into the more infamously known Committee for State Security (KGB). | State Political Directorate was the secret police of the RSFSR and USSR until 1934. Formed from the Cheka on February 6, 1922, it was initially known under the Russian abbreviation GPU for Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie of NKVD of the RSFSR. OGPU was reincorporated into NKVD of the USSR in July 1934, becoming the GUGB department. Its final transformation was into the more infamously known Committee for State Security (KGB). | ||
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===GUGB=== | ===GUGB=== | ||
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUGB | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUGB | ||
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===MGB=== | ===MGB=== | ||
- | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ | + | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGB |
1946-1953 | 1946-1953 | ||
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1954-1991 | 1954-1991 | ||
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==Function== | ==Function== | ||
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The agency performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "enemies of the people". In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie, members of the clergy, and political opponents of the new regime. | The agency performed mass arrests, imprisonments, and executions of "enemies of the people". In this, the Cheka said that they targeted "class enemies" such as the bourgeoisie, members of the clergy, and political opponents of the new regime. | ||
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+ | ==Leaders== | ||
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheka | ||
- | + | *'''[[Cheka]]''' (Abbreviation of Vecheka, itself an acronym for "All-Russian Extraordinary Committee to Combat Counter-Revolution and Sabotage") ([[Russian SFSR]]) | |
+ | ** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1917 - 1918 | ||
+ | ** [[Yakov Peters]] 1918 | ||
+ | ** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1918 - [[1922]] | ||
- | + | [[February 6]], [[1922]]: Cheka became GPU, a section of the NKVD of the Russian SFSR. | |
- | + | *'''[[NKVD]]''' - "[[People's Commissariat]] for Internal Affairs" | |
- | + | **'''[[State Political Directorate|GPU]]''' - State Political Directorate | |
+ | *** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1922 - [[1923]] | ||
- | + | [[November 15]], [[1923]]: GPU was reorganized into OGPU under the [[Council of People's Commissars]] of the USSR. | |
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- | + | *'''[[State Political Directorate|OGPU]]''' - "Joint State Political Directorate" or "All-Union State Political Board" | |
- | + | ** [[Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky|Felix Dzerzhinsky]] 1923 - July 1926 | |
+ | ** [[Vyacheslav Menzhinsky]] July 1926 - May 1934 | ||
- | + | [[July 10]], [[1934]]: OGPU became [[GUGB]] of the NKVD of the USSR; NKVD of the Russian SFSR ceased to exist. | |
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- | + | *NKVD + '''[[GUGB]]''' - "Main Directorate for State Security" (''Both GUGB and NKVD were headed by the same person.'') | |
- | * [[ | + | **[[Genrikh Yagoda]] 1934 - 1936 |
+ | **[[Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov|Nikolai Yezhov]] 1936 - 1938 | ||
+ | **[[Lavrenty Beria]] 1938 - [[1945]] | ||
- | + | [[February 3]], [[1941]]: The GUGB of the NKVD was briefly separated out into the NKGB, then merged back in, and then in 1943 separated out again. | |
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- | + | *'''[[NKGB]]''' - "People's Commissariat for State Security" | |
- | * [[ | + | **[[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] [[February 3]], [[1941]] - [[July 20]], [[1941]] (NKGB folded back into NKVD) |
- | + | **[[Vsevolod Nikolayevich Merkulov]] [[April 14]], [[1943]] - 1946 (NKGB reseparated from NKVD) | |
- | * [[ | + | |
- | + | [[March 18]], [[1946]]: All [[People's Commissariat|People's Commissariates]] were renamed to [[Ministry (government department)|Ministries]]. | |
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- | + | *'''[[MGB (USSR)|MGB]]''' - "Ministry for State Security" | |
- | * [[Viktor Semionovich Abakumov]] 1946 - 1951 | + | **[[Viktor Semionovich Abakumov]] 1946 - 1951 |
- | * [[Semyon Ignatyev|Semion Denisovich Ignatiyev]] 1951 - 1953 | + | **[[Semyon Ignatyev|Semion Denisovich Ignatiyev]] 1951 - 1953 |
+ | ** The [[East Germany|East German]] secret police, the [[Stasi]], took their name from this iteration. | ||
- | + | *'''[[KI]]''' - "Committee of Information" | |
- | * [[ | + | **[[Peter Fedotov]] [[MGB]] |
- | * [[ | + | **[[Fedor Kuznetsov]] [[GRU]] |
+ | **[[Yakov Malik]] [[Foreign Ministry]] | ||
- | + | [[May 30]], [[1947]]: Official decision with the expressed purpose of "upgrading coordination of different intelligence services and concentrating their efforts on major directions". In the summer of 1948 the military personnel in KI were returned to the Soviet military to reconstitute a foreign military intelligence arm of the GRU. KI sections dealing with the new East Bloc and Soviet emigres were returned to the MGB in late 1948. In 1951 the KI returned to the MGB. | |
- | * [[Ivan Serov]] ([[March 13]] [[1954]] - [[December 8]] [[1958]]) | + | [[March 5]], [[1953]]: MVD and MGB are merged into the MVD by [[Lavrenty Beria]]. |
- | * [[Aleksandr Shelepin]] (December 25 1958 - [[November 13]] 1961) | + | |
- | * [[Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny]] ([[November 13]] [[1961]] - [[May 18]] [[1967]]) | + | *'''[[MVD]]''' - "Ministry of Internal Affairs" |
- | * [[Yuri Andropov]] ([[May 18]] [[1967]] - [[May 26]] [[1982]]) | + | **[[Lavrenty Beria]] March, 1953 - June, 1953 |
- | * [[Vitaly Fedorchuk]] ([[May 26]] [[1982]] - [[December 17]] [[1982]]) | + | **[[Sergey Nikiforovich Kruglov]] June, 1953 - March, [[1954]] |
- | * [[Viktor Chebrikov]] ([[December 17]] [[1982]] - October 1 [[1988]]) | + | |
- | * [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]] (October 1 1988 - August 22 [[1991]]) | + | [[March 13]], [[1954]]: Newly independent force became the KGB, as Beria was purged and the MVD divested itself again of the functions of secret policing. After renamings and tumults, the KGB remained stable until 1991. |
- | * [[Leonid Shebarshin]] ( August 22 1991 - August 23 [[1991]], acting) | + | |
- | * [[Vadim Bakatin]] ([[August 23]] [[1991]] - [[October 22]] [[1991]]) | + | *'''[[KGB]]''' - Committee for State Security |
- | [[ | + | ** [[Ivan Serov]] ([[March 13]] [[1954]] - [[December 8]] [[1958]]) |
+ | ** [[Aleksandr Shelepin]] ([[December 25]] [[1958]] - [[November 13]] [[1961]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Vladimir Yefimovich Semichastny]] ([[November 13]] [[1961]] - [[May 18]] [[1967]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Yuri Andropov]] ([[May 18]] [[1967]] - [[May 26]] [[1982]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Vitaly Fedorchuk]] ([[May 26]] [[1982]] - [[December 17]] [[1982]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Viktor Chebrikov]] ([[December 17]] [[1982]] - [[October 1]] [[1988]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]] ([[October 1]] [[1988]] - [[August 22]] [[1991]]) | ||
+ | ** [[Leonid Shebarshin]] ([[August 22]] [[1991]] - [[August 23]] [[1991]], acting) | ||
+ | ** [[Vadim Bakatin]] ([[August 23]] [[1991]] - [[October 22]] [[1991]]) | ||
+ | |||
+ | After the [[Soviet coup attempt of 1991|State Emergency Committee]] failed to overthrow [[Gorbachev]] and [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] took over, [[General]] [[Vadim Bakatin]] was given instructions to dissolve the KGB. | ||
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+ | In Russia today, KGB functions are performed by the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]] (Foreign Intelligence Service) and the [[Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation|FSB]] (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation). The [[GRU]], Main Intelligence Directorate, continues to operate as well. |