Empire of Brazil

From Roach Busters

Império do Brasil Empire of Brazil
Flag	Coat of arms
Motto "Independência ou Morte!" (Portuguese) "Independence or Death!"
Anthem Hino da Independência (Independence Hymn)
Capital Largest city	Rio de Janeiro 22°54′30″S, 43°14′37″W São Paulo
Official languages	Portuguese
Demonym	Brazilian
Government  - Emperor	Feudal monarchy Luís I
State religion	Roman Catholic Church
Independence  - Declared  - Recognized	from Portugal September 7, 1822 August 29, 1825
Area  - Total  - Water (%)	8,514,877 km² 3,287,597 sq mi 0.65
Population  - July 2008 estimate  - 2000 census  - Density	191,908,598 187,386,527 22.54/km² 58.37/sq mi
GDP (PPP)  - Total  - Per capita	2008 estimate n/a n/a
GDP (nominal)  - Total  - Per capita	2008 estimate n/a n/a
Gini (2008)	n/a (n/a) (unranked)
HDI (2005)	n/a (n/a) (unranked)
Currency	Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone  - Summer (DST)	BRT (UTC -3 to -5) BRST (UTC -2 to -5)
Internet TLD	.br
Calling code	+55

The Empire of Brazil (Portuguese: Império do Brasil) is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and one of the largest - in size and population - in the world. Its territory covers 8,514,877 km² between central South America and the Atlantic Ocean, and it is the eastern-most country of the Americas.

It borders Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the department of French Guiana to the north, Colombia to the northwest, Bolivia and Peru to the west, and Argentina and Paraguay to the south. Numerous archipelagos are part of the Brazilian territory, such as Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo, Fernando de Noronha, Trindade e Martim Vaz and Atol das Rocas.

A tropical climate is predominant. In the south of the country, subtropical climate prevails. Brazil is cut through by the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn. It is home to varied fauna and flora and extensive natural resources.

Brazil was colonized by Portugal from 1500 until its independence in 1822.

The Brazilian population tends to concentrate along the coastline in large urban centers. While Brazil has one of the largest populations in the world, population density is low and the inner continental land has large areas of low population. It is a multiracial country composed of European, Amerindian, African and Asian elements. The official language is Portuguese, and it is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas. Catholicism is both the state religion and the most widely practiced religion; however, all faiths are tolerated, and the non-Catholic population, particularly the Protestant communities, has experienced fairly large growth in the last decades. Brazil has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world.

The Brazilian economy is among the largest, most robust, and most powerful in the world. The country is highly developed and industrialized, with a large and rapidly expanding middle class, high standards of living, and one of the highest rates of economic growth in the world.

Contents 1 Government 1.1 The Emperor 1.1.1 List of Brazilian monarchs 1.2 The Council of Ministers 1.3 The Council of State 1.4 Justice and law 2 Foreign relations 3 Provinces of Brazil 3.1 List of Brazilian provinces 4 Economy 4.1 Money and banking 4.2 Taxation 4.3 Foreign trade 4.4 Labor 4.5 Infrastructure and utilities 4.6 Social services 4.7 Industries 5 National Guard 6 Society 6.1 Feudalism 7 Demographics 7.1 Age structure 7.2 Sex ratio 7.3 Infant mortality rate 7.4 Life expectancy at birth 7.5 Total fertility rate 7.6 HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate 7.7 Nationality 7.8 Ethnic groups 7.9 Religions 7.10 Languages 7.11 Literacy rate 8 Culture 8.1 Religion 8.2 Sport 8.3 Cuisine 8.4 National holidays

Government

Brazil is a hereditary absolute monarchy ruled by the House of Orléans-Braganza. Democracy and egalitarianism are unwanted, alien concepts to Brazilian society, which is intensely conservative and profoundly supportive of liberty. Brazil is one of the most highly decentralized nations in the world, with provinces, duchies, counties, and so on enjoying a level of autonomy far greater than even the cantons in Switzerland.

Brazilian politics has undergone a radical metamorphosis since the country's inception as an independent nation-state in 1822. Originally a highly centralized, unitary state in which the provinces had little, if any, autonomy, it is now a confederal state with a level of de-centralization unparalleled in the world. It has also moved from ambiguous semi-constitutional monarchism to absolute monarchism. The Emperor's rule is absolute and his word is final. The first decades of Brazilian independence were fraught with instability, corruption, political intrigue, and the rise of demagogy and ochlocracy; to combat the country's decline into chaos, Emperor Pedro II decided that, in the interest of liberty, constitutionalism would have to be abandoned. He consigned the "frivolous scrap of paper" to the "dustbin of history," and began a sweeping reformation of Brazilian politics and society.

The Emperor

The head of state of Brazil is the Emperor. His rule is absolute and his authority is unquestioned. He rules in an enlightened, absolutist fashion, as both a benevolent father figure and an austere autocrat. He is revered for his strength, wisdom, justness, virtue, and piety, and commands great respect and absolute devotion from his people, who enjoy more freedom than any other people in the world, excepting Mexicans and Yugoslavians. The Emperor's honesty is beyond reproach, his principles are unshakeable, and his commitment to upholding the liberties of the people is absolute. As a unifying force and a symbol of the nation itself, he is inoculated against the deceptions of demagogues and would-be tyrants, and he takes his job of protecting freedom from democracy and other enemies of liberty very seriously.

The Emperor is the "Moderator Power" around whom the wheels of government - executive, legislative, judicial - revolve. He controls the Council of State (an advisory body) by indicating (and, if necessary, removing) its members; he controls the legislature (when it is in session, which is almost never) by appointing Senators and having the power to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies; and he controls the judiciary by appointing (for life) the members of the highest court.

While technically the Emperor has unlimited power, he generally confines himself to the following functions: convening, proroguing, or dissolving the General Assembly (parliament); appointing bishops and providing ecclestiastical benefits; appointing Ministers, magistrates, commanders of the armed forces, and provincial governors; concluding treaties with foreign nations; appointing and accrediting, and receiving and recognizing, ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, diplomatic representatives and other diplomatic officers, consuls and consular officers; declaring war and making peace; conferring or revoking honors, titles, military orders, and decorations; granting letters of naturalization; reprieving or commuting the sentences of offenders; and promulgating decrees appropriate for the proper implementation of laws and the preservation of the liberty of the people and security of the nation. Unlike many "monarchs" who relegate themselves to powerless figureheads performing only ceremonial duties, the Emperor of Brazil still wields de jure absolute executive, legislative, and judicial power, and he can and does invoke this power when the liberties of the people are imperiled or when the public safety warrants it. Generally, though, he is content to leave the affairs of the nation as localized as possible, and the people enjoy the right to do anything they wish except initiate violence or force against one another.

The Emperor also has the power to veto legislation, but this power is an obsolete one, due to the fact that the General Assembly has long been stripped of all legislative power, and has not even convened in over thirty years. Further, Brazil is governed by traditional customary and natural law, rather than legislative "law."

The Emperor is widely respected by Brazilians of all social levels as an enlightened monarch who rules in a principled, rational fashion, rather than subjecting them to the whim of "popular opinion" or worse still, world opinion.

List of Brazilian monarchs

Name	Born-died	Reign	Consort	Royal House
Pedro I	October 12, 1798 – September 24, 1834	October 12, 1822 – April 7, 1831	Archduchess Maria Leopoldina of Austria Archduchess Amélie of Leuchtenberg	House of Braganza
Pedro II	December 2, 1825 – December 5, 1891	April 7, 1831 – December 5, 1891	Princess Teresa of the Two Sicilies	House of Braganza
Isabel I	July 29, 1846 – November 14, 1921	December 5, 1891 – November 14, 1921	Louis Philippe Marie Ferdinand Gaston, Count of Eu	House of Braganza
Pedro III	September 13, 1909 – July 5, 1981	November 14, 1921 – July 5, 1981	Princess Maria Isabel of Bavaria	House of Orléans-Braganza
Luís I	June 6, 1938 –	July 5, 1981 – present	Princess Paula of Prussia	House of Orléans-Braganza

The Council of Ministers

The Council of Ministers is the cabinet of Brazil. Its primary role is as an unofficial advisory council to the Emperor, consisting of the heads of the executive departments (Ministries) they are appointed to lead. They carry out policy rather than create it. In addition to administering his segment of the executive branch, a Minister is responsible for advising the Emperor on areas within his purview. They are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the Emperor; they are fully subordinate to the executive and can be replaced at any time.

The Council of Ministers is headed by the President of the Council of Ministers (although he is usually known as the "Prime Minister" or "President of the Cabinet"), who is responsible for chairing the sessions of the Council of Ministers, determining the basic guidelines of its policies, and systematically informing the Emperor of its activities.

The current composition of the Council of Ministers is listed below:

Portfolio	Minister
President of the Council of Ministers	Alexsander da Rosa
Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works	Afonso Luiza Rezende
Minister of External Relations	José Cabral Guimarães Rosa
Minister of Finance	Fernando Cautiero e Silva
Minister of Interior	Paulo Inácio dos Santos
Minister of Justice	João Vieira Soares
Minister of the Navy	Francisco de Oliveira Pinheiro
Minister of War	Deodoro de Alencar Tavares

The Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works is responsible for overseeing the country's external trade policies; contrary to his title, he has no involvement with Brazil's (entirely private) agricultural sector, and public works do not exist in Brazil.

The Minister of External Affairs helps formulate the nation's foreign policy.

The Minister of Finance is responsible for the government budget and fiscal policy.

The Minister of Interior is responsible for national security, immigration matters, and census taking.

The Minister of Justice is responsible for the maintenance of the legal system. He is also the keeper of the seals.

The Minister of Navy is responsible for administration of the Brazilian Imperial Navy.

The Minister of War is responsible for general defense policy.

The Council of State

The Council of State is an advisory body, appointed by the Emperor, which advises him on matters of public administration and foreign affairs. They can advise the Emperor at any time he decides to use the Moderator Power, except at times when he dismisses a minister of state. Members of the Council of State are referred to as "His/Her Excellency," and they are subject to penalties if they offer advice with a view of de-stabilizing the state or opposing the law. The Prince Imperial of Brazil becomes a member of the Council when he reaches majority age.

Justice and law

Arguably the most important governing body in Brazil is the judicial system, which arbitrates all sorts of disputes.

The courts are generally socially stratified, compete with one another for patronage, and work by a complex contractual system between the courts, the government, private defense agencies, and other organizations. Being fully private, courts act as any other businesses in the marketplace, selling their services and trying to gain customers through competitive processes.

Brazilian law is mostly unwritten, informal, and based on tradition and natural law. Numerous legal codes exist, which vary significantly by court (for example, ecclestiastical courts depend on canon law, while secular courts are more concerned with contract law), although an underlying common law and precedent exists which ensures that the courts are generally the same in their provision of justice.

The Supreme Court of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justiça, or STF) is the highest court of law of the Empire of Brazil. It functions as a court of final appeal. Magistrates are appointed by the Emperor and serve for life. All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court of Justice are broadcast live on TV since 2002. The Court is open for the public to watch the meetings. The Court was privatized in August 2008.

Foreign relations

Since independence, Brazil has pursued an independent, non-aligned, mostly neutral foreign policy, and has never allowed world opinion to dictate its diplomatic relations, a fact it takes great pride in. While the Brazilian government has diplomatic relations, cultural exchanges, and trade with every country, private companies and individuals actively work to undermine nations which Brazil views with displeasure - something the Brazilian government does nothing to hide.

Brazil has not fought a single war since 1870 (the War of the Triple Alliance). It remained neutral during both World Wars, although it actively traded with both sides during World War I and accepted hundreds of thousands of Jewish refugees during World War II. Brazil adamantly refused to join either the League of Nations or the United Nations, and as of 2008, it holds no membership in any international organizations. Brazil remains zealously committed to maintaining full national sovereignty.

Brazil's policy has been a source of contention for the Western world, as Brazil has often recognized countries that were ostracized, undermined, or otherwise unrecognized by the West, such as Katanga and Rhodesia. While Brazil was critical of Rhodesia's racial policies, it was equally critical of the "belligerent, imperialist stance" taken against Rhodesia by other countries. Brazil actively aided non-communist anti-imperialist and liberation movements in the Third World, and took in refugees fleeing dictatorship or war. Interestingly, Brazil accepted both black South African refugees fleeing apartheid as well as white South Africans fleeing the rising level of crime in that country.

One of Brazil's most complicated relationships is with the United States. Although the two are major trade partners, maintain diplomatic relations, and frequently have cultural exchanges, Brazil views the U.S. with severe distrust. Brazil's open sheltering of American tax evaders, its refusal to support the War on Drugs, and its refusal to recognize American copyright and patent laws, has led to very cold relations. Even so, both countries are major tourist destinations for each other's citizens and annual bilateral trade amounts to tens of billions of dollars, which precludes the U.S. from taking a stronger stance against Brazil.

Brazil actively trades with all countries, and has always ignored sanctions or blockades against countries like Cuba or Iraq, however abhorrent Brazil may have found their governments to be. This, too, has led to much Western criticism of Brazil.

Brazil's warmest relationships are with like-minded nations such as Mexico, Yugoslavia, Germany, and Canada. Each is firmly committed to the free market and to individual liberty; each is an ardent foe of internationalism and democracy. The Emperor of Brazil is married to the German Emperor's elder sister, and two of his children are married to Princesses of Mexico and Yugoslavia, respectively. Brazil enjoys a large volume of trade with these countries, and their heads of state regularly exchange official visits. It is unknown to what extent these countries are allied with each other militarily, if at all.

Provinces of Brazil

1. Amazonas
2. Pará
3. Maranhão
4. Piauí
5. Ceará
6. Rio Grande do Norte
7. Paraíba
8. Pernambuco
9. Alagoas
10. Sergipe
11. Bahia
12. Espírito Santo
13. Rio de Janeiro
14. Minas Gerais
15. Goiás
16. Mato Grosso
17. São Paulo
18. Paraná
19. Santa Catarina
20. Rio Grande do Sul

List of Brazilian provinces

Province	Abbreviation	Capital	Area	Population (2005)	Density
Alagaos	AL	Maceió	27,767.7 km²	3,015,912	108.61
Amazonas	AM	Manaus	1,947,626.1 km²	4,279,690	2.2
Bahia	BA	Salvador	564,692.7 km²	13,815,334	24.46
Ceará	CE	Fortazela	148,825.6 km²	8,097,276	54.40
Espírito Santo	ES	Vitória	46,077.5 km²	3,408,365	73.97
Goiás	GO	Goiânia	623,529.7 km²	9,258,753	14.85
Maranhão	MA	São Luís	331,983.3 km²	6,103,327	18.38
Mato Grosso	MT	Cuiabá	1,498,059.1 km²	6,602,336	4.4
Minas Gerais	MG	Belo Horizonte	586,528.3 km²	19,237,450	32.79
Pará	PA	Belém	1,390,504.1 km²	7,565,173	5.44
Paraíba	PB	João Pessoa	56,439.8 km²	3,595,886	63.71
Paraná	PR	Curitiba	199,314.9 km²	10,261,856	51.48
Pernambuco	PE	Recife	98,311.6 km²	8,413,593	85.58
Piauí	PI	Teresina	251,529.2 km²	3,006,885	11.95
Rio de Janeiro	RJ	Petrópolis	43,696.1km²	15,383,407	352.05
Rio Grande do Norte	RN	Natal	52,796.8 km²	3,003,087	56.88
Rio Grande do Sul	RS	Porto Alegre	281,748.5 km²	10,845,087	38.49
Santa Catarina	SC	Florianópolis	95,346.2 km²	5,866,568	61.53
São Paulo	SP	São Paulo	248,209.4 km²	40,442,795	162.93
Sergipe	SE	Aracaju	21,910.3 km²	1,967,761	89.81

Economy

The Empire of Brazil's economy has undergone profound and dynamic change since the early 1930s, when then-Emperor Pedro III made a very daring and risky gamble. While the rest of the world embraced various strains of statism as a "solution" to the Great Depression, Pedro decided to try something entirely different. He hired a team of economists and businesspersons versed in the teachings of the Austrian School, and gave them the task of drafting and implementing an economic plan. Their plan, which called for free trade, the repeal of all subsidies, privatization of state-run industries, a balanced budget, radical cuts in spending, the elimination of wage and price controls, repeal of antitrust laws, and the removal of regulations on business, was implemented shortly afterwards. It was indeed a gamble, but it paid off immensely. Within a few years, Brazil recovered from the Depression; by 1940, the economy had recovered to pre-Depression levels, unemployment was at its lowest rate in many years, the currency was stable (the country had adopted a 100% gold standard), prices were declining, and the standard of living rose. The number of people living below the poverty line fell as the country's middle-class - previously modest in size - grew dramatically. By 1960, Brazil had become a First World country. Its economy has continued to grow ever since; there has not been a single recession since the 1930s, when the country adopted full-reserve banking.

Money and banking

The currency of Brazil is called the real, but it is in fact simply copper, silver, or gold. Real refers not to the name of the currency but to a measure of weight. One copper real is four troy ounces of copper, one silver real is one troy ounce of silver, and one gold real is one twelvth of a troy ounce of gold. Reais are minted by private mints; Brazil has no central bank. Inflation of the money supply is only possible by mining more copper, silver, and gold and minting more coins. As such, Brazil has experienced a continuous slight deflationary trend, as opposed to the inflation of most countries.

Computerized exchange and debit cards are slowly replacing coins, as in Mexico, although coins remain popular. Paper notes of redemption are also sometimes used, due to the ease of carrying them and to allow trade in more variety of denominations (once they are redeemed for copper, silver, or gold, the notes are burned).

Brazil has full-reserving banking, and fractional-reserve banking is illegal. This banking system has virtually eliminated the business cycle. Brazilian banks have a world-renowned reputation for their stability and secrecy, surpassing even Liechtensteiner banks. This has earned the country a good deal of criticism from other countries, due to the large number of people who deposit their money in Brazilian bank accounts to avoid taxation.

Credit is based entirely on voluntary systems such as bank savings bonds and term deposits. Interest rates are set by the market, rather than by the government.

Taxation

Until 2008, Brazilian taxation consisted only of a uniform, small poll (head) tax applicable to everyone except clergy and those in the care of the Holy Mother Church (the extreme destitute, orphans, disabled persons, the impoverished elderly, etc.). At the time of its abolition, the tax was 3.5 gold reais (approximately $250-255 USD). Those who could not afford the tax had their labor services sold to the highest bidder as indentured servants until the debt was paid off (in the case of minors, the parents/legal guardians were held responsible, instead). This provided extra revenue for the government (as the bidding always started at the amount owed) while also providing a permanent underclass that could almost never release itself from the cycle of servitude. Non-citizens, by law, could not be taxed.

The poll tax was permanently abolished on August 23, 2008. No forms of taxation currently exist in Brazil.

Needless to say, this has earned the country a reputation as a tax haven. Along with Mexico and Yugoslavia, Brazil regularly tops the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's "List of Unco-operative Tax Havens," a distinction Brazil takes great pride in. The OECD also routinely criticizes Brazil for its refusal to respect patent or copyright laws.

Foreign trade

Brazil has 100% free trade; there are no tariffs, quotas, customs, excises, or duties on imports or exports. Nor are there any subsidies. As such, the country enjoys a high and rapidly growing volume of trade and an extremely high level of foreign investment. Brazil's main trade partners are Mexico, Yugoslavia, Germany, and Canada.

Labor

The government does not set or regulate wages or labor conditions; both are decided by mutual agreement between the prospective employer and employee.

Infrastructure and utilities

All infrastructure in Brazil, including roads, highways, bridges, railways, airports, harbors, and ports, is fully private. Most city roads permit free travel, while highways generally charge a small toll. Brazil's infrastructure is both well-maintained and of very high standard, due to the incentive private property owners have in keeping it in repair and to the fact that, unlike governments, private property owners can be, and are, held accountable by customers if injuries or death occur. Finally, because the free market does not have the "economic calculation problem" experienced by governments, it can allocate resources most efficiently to maintain the highest quality at the lowest price for the highest profit - mutually benefitting the property owners, customers, and everyone else alike.

All utilities, such as electricity, water supply, postal services, telecommunications, the sewage system, etc. are 100% private, as well.

Social services

Services which are normally considered "rights" in most so-called free countries, such as healthcare, education, law enforcement, and even firefighting, are all left entirely to the private sector. Not only does the government not have a monopoly in these fields, but it does not even participate in them, in the first place.

Education is the responsibility of parents, families, churches, and local communities, not governments. Education is neither free nor compulsory, but competition keeps prices low and quality high. More than half of Brazilian parents choose to homeschool their children; they enjoy complete academic freedom, as the government does not regulate curricula. Most other parents send their children to for-profit private schools or to mission-run schools operated by the Roman Catholic Church, which often accept poor students for free (these schools are privately funded by both the Church, charities, and generous individuals).

Healthcare in Brazil is of uniformly high quality and extremely low-priced, due to free competition, the absence of bureaucratic red tape, and complete non-intervention by the government. Patients enjoy complete freedom in choosing the type, price, and quality of the healthcare they want. Numerous private charities and Church missions provide free healthcare - voluntarily paid for by charitable individuals of their own accord - for poor Brazilians.

Law enforcement is provided by private defense agencies, volunteer "neighborhood watch" organizations, etc. While not perfect, Brazilian private defense agencies provide much faster response times and much better service than publicly funded law enforcement, and abuses by PDA employees are far less frequent. PDAs ensure that rigorous standards of quality are met, lest they lose their customers to competing firms. Most of the customers' costs for PDAs are covered by private insurance plans. (Also of note: Because more than 98% of adult Brazilians own firearms, more than 50% belong to a militia, and most things considered "crimes" in other countries are legal in Brazil, crime is almost non-existent in the country.)

Even national defense is private. The National Guard, formerly funded (at least partially) through taxation, is now funded entirely through volunteer means; it also faces tough competition from other defense agencies in the private sector, many of which are better funded and more efficiently run.

Industries

The country's largest industries include motor vehicles, chemicals, lumber, aircraft, armaments, machinery, natural gas, hydropower, petroleum, tourism, and agriculture. Brazil is self-sufficient in energy production and does not rely on imports. Brazil is the largest producer of coffee in the world.

National Guard

Main article: National Guard (Brazil)

The National Guard (Portuguese: Guarda Nacional) is an all-volunteer military force that provides national defense and is answerable only to the Emperor himself, who hand-selects each military commander on the basis of loyalty. While the National Guard is controlled by the government (more specifically, the Emperor), it is funded entirely through volunteer means. Most of its funding comes from the Emperor himself, using money he collects from feudal dues as well as his extensive business holdings; the remainder comes from voluntary donations made by citizens.

The National Guard is a highly-disciplined, well-trained professional force proficient in various kinds of both conventional and unconventional warfare. Members undergo rigorous training that stresses their mind and body nearly to the breaking point, to ensure that each National Guardsman is at the pinnacle of physical and mental endurance and strength. The National Guard employs a variety of weapons, both domestically-produced and foreign-purchased, most of it modern and top-of-the-line. The National Guard comprises four branches: an army (190,000 personnel), a navy (48,000 personnel), an air force (73,000 personnel), and a paramilitary/reserve force (284,000 personnel). Women are forbidden from serving in the National Guard except in limited non-combat support roles.

Society

Brazilian society is intensely conservative and traditional (cynics would say "parochial" or "reactionary"), hierarchical, and holds tenaciously to old-fashioned values and mores. Brazilian men are renowned for their chivalry and honor, and women for their modesty and purity. Good manners are of paramount importance to Brazilians, and nearly everyone dresses conservatively and observes proper etiquette almost to the point of prudishness. Frequent Church attendance and observance of religious holidays are de rigueur and those who are insufficiently pious or irreligious are viewed with a mixture of awe and distaste. Sex is a taboo topic, and premarital sex is almost completely unheard of. Very few Brazilians have sex before they are married, and married Brazilian couples seldom divorce (due to the fact that most Brazilians are devout Catholics).

Gender roles are important in Brazil. Feminism is widely seen as an anomaly, and most Brazilians of both sexes adhere faithfully to the school of thought that women belong at home, housekeeping, cooking, and raising families. Even so, mistreatment of women is strongly frowned upon by Brazilian men, who are generally very polite and gentlemanly, and often open doors, pull out chairs, etc. for women. Spousal and child abuse are extremely rare, though parents seldom hesitate to spank indignant children.

Abortion, widely viewed as murder by most Brazilians, is illegal except when the mother's life is endangered. Pro-life demonstrations, often numbering in the millions, are common in Brazil. Euthanasia is similarly frowned upon by Brazilians, but is legal (albeit very uncommon).

Homosexuality is almost unheard of in Brazil. Rare is the Brazilian who would advocate toleration of homosexual "behavior," and virtually every Brazilian views homosexuality as the gravest of sins. Most believe homosexuality to be a chosen "lifestyle." Many business establishments will refuse to deal with homosexuals, bisexuals, or transsexuals, and those known to be sexual minorities face widespread ostracism. Even so, Brazilians abhor violence against homosexuals; they believe that the proper way to "deal" with homosexuals is by praying for their salvation. "Love the sin, hate the sinner" is a popular credo. Because the Brazilian government has no involvement in the institution of marriage, the decision of whether to allow/recognize gay marriages is left to individual religious institutions.

Prostitution and pornography are legal but rare. Most landlords will refuse to lease to prostitutes or porn stars, and most businesses will refuse to do business with them. Many sidewalks and roads even ban use by them. While the devout religiosity and conservatism of most Brazilians means that prostitution and pornography are rare to begin with, the few Brazilians who do pursue employment in either of these industries find widespread ostracism, as most private property owners will openly shun them. Adulterers and adulteresses face similar societal discrimination.

A similar situation exists with drugs. All drugs - even heroin - are legal in Brazil. However, private property owners have the right to bar drug dealers or users from their property, and a great majority do so.

Brazilian society is highly respected for its nearly complete absence of racism or religious intolerance. Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, and other religious minorities worship in peace alongside Christians, and while Christians do of course take great pains to try and convert non-Christians to their faith, they respect others for who they are. Exceptions to this are cults such as Scientology, which are de facto banned in Brazil, due to the fact that virtually every property owner blacklists adherents to this "religion," and most bookstores refuse to carry Scientologist literature. Racism is viewed as an "ugly form of collectivism," and Brazilians judge individuals as individuals, rather than as members of groups. Interracial dating and marriage are extremely common.

A common method of resolving disputes is duelling, which is fully legal in Brazil. It is even a fairly popular "pasttime" in rural areas. Most duelling is done with sabers or old-fashioned pistols; some is even done on horseback.

Brazilians as a whole tend to be a very conservative lot, but libertarian on social and economic issues. They believe the government has no place banning things, but that the acceptance (or lack thereof) of "social vices" should be left solely to the jurisdiction of private property owners. For the same reason, there is no censorship in Brazil, and individuals are allowed to choose their own entertainment; if a particular television program is viewed as distasteful, for example, the individual will simply choose not to watch it. Private property rights are held sacrosanct, and all strains of leftism are viewed with distrust, even hatred, by the majority of Brazilians. Socialists and communists are blacklisted from most of Brazil. Most Brazilians show a great deal of compassion for the poor and disadvantaged, due to their strong Christian ethics. More than 90% of Brazilians regularly or semi-regularly donate 15% or more of their earnings to charity.

Feudalism

Brazilian feudalism runs on a vast and complex system of contracts which exist mainly between nobility, although some petty nobles have contractual agreements with land-owning commoners. Brazil's system of feudalism makes government highly de-centralized and localist, with feudal lords exercising an extremely high level of autonomy. The general agreement is the lower-ranked noble pays the higher-ranked noble for protection. On paper, feudal contracts may only be made with the traditional lord of the area; however, in practice, overlapping claims allow competition. About one percent of the Brazilian population belongs to the nobility. The Emperor grants titles of nobility to deserving individuals and families, and revokes it from those who fall out of favor. Titles generally signify political power in some area, though some titles without power can be bought by upper-class individuals and families, who are usually the first ones considered for replacing deposed families (i.e., those whose titles have been revoked). Local policing and defense is usually provided by feudal contracts. All duchies, most marches, counties, and viscounties, and even a few baronies have their own private militaries (paid for by feudal dues owed by nobles' numerous vassals) independent of the national military. Most members of the Brazilian Imperial Family also have their own personal militaries.

The following noble ranks exist:

• Imperador/Imperadora (Emperor/Empress)
• Príncipe/Princesa (Prince/Princess)
• Duque/Duquesa (Duke/Duchess)
• Marquês/Marquesa (Marquis/Marquise)
• Conde/Condessa (Count/Countess)
• Visconde/Viscondessa (Viscount/Viscountess)
• Barão/Baronesa (Baron/Baroness)

For a list of Brazilian nobility, please consult here. Note that viscounts/viscountesses and barons/baronesses are not listed.

Demographics

Age structure

0-14 years = 25.3%
15-64 years = 68.4%
65 years and over = 6.3%

Sex ratio

At birth = 1.05 male(s)/female
Under 15 years = 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years = 0.983 male(s)/female
65 years and over = 0.697 male(s)/female
Total population = 0.976 male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate

Total = 2.92 deaths/1,000 live births
Male = 3.38 deaths/1,000 live births
Female = 2.42 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

Total population = 80.87 years
Male = 77.6 years
Female = 84.36 years

Total fertility rate

2.13 children born/woman

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.03%

Nationality

Noun: Brazilian(s)
Adjective: Brazilian

Ethnic groups

White = 45.1%
Mulatto (mixed white and black) = 27.5%
Black = 12.2%
Asian = 5.4%
Arab = 2.9%
Amerindian = 1.13%
Mestizo = 0.55%
Other = 4.7%
Unspecified = 0.52%

Religions

Roman Catholic = 84.6%
Baptist = 2.6%
Buddhist = 2.11%
Seventh-day Adventist = 1.62%
Lutheran = 1.5%
Calvinist = 1.5%
Jewish = 1.04%
Muslim = 1.01%
Hindu = 0.72%
Shinto = 0.5%
Mormon = 0.41%
Pentecostal = 0.36%
Jehovah's Witness = 0.33%
Traditional African religion = 0.3%
Spiritist = 0.3%
Anglican = 0.05%
Agnostic = 0.545%
Atheist = 0.005%
Other = 0.5%

Languages

Portuguese (official, spoken by almost 100% of the population)
Spanish (spoken by over 90% of the population)
English (spoken by over 50% of the population)
Almost 200 indigenous languages

Literacy rate

Definition: Age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 99.2%
Male: 99.2%
Female: 99.2%

Culture

National symbols of the Empire of Brazil
Anthem	Hino da Independência
Animal	Jaguar
Bird	Macaw
Flower	Tabebuia alba flower
Tree	Tabebuia alba
Inanimate objects	Southern Cross, Christ the Redeemer, Sugarloaf Mountain
Patron saint	Our Lady of Aparecida

A wide variety of elements influenced Brazilian culture. Its major early influence derived from Portuguese culture, because of strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other inheritances, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, the Roman-Germanic legal system, and the colonial architectural styles. Other aspects of Brazilian culture are contributions of European and Asian immigrants, Native South American people (such as the Tupi), and African slaves. Thus, Brazil is a multicultural and multiethnic society. Italian, German and other European immigrants came in large numbers and their influences are felt closer to the Southeast and South of Brazil. Amerindian peoples influenced Brazil's language and cuisine and the Africans, brought to Brazil as slaves, influenced Brazil's music, dance, cuisine, religion and language.

In the 1950s, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Vinícius de Moraes, Baden Powell de Aquino, and João Gilberto popularized the Bossa Nova style in music. Later Elis Regina, Milton Nascimento, Chico Buarque and Nara Leão had an important role in shaping Música Popular Brasileira (literally translated as "Brazilian Popular Music," often abbreviated to MPB). In the late 1960s, tropicalismo was popularized by Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil.

Brazilian Carnival (Portuguese: Carnaval) is an annual celebration held 40 days before Easter and marks the beginning of Lent. Brazilian Carnival has distinct regional characteristics. Other regional festivals include the Boi Bumbá and Festa Junina (June Festivals).

Religion

The most popular religion in Brazil is Roman Catholicism, which is also the state religion (however, all faiths are tolerated). The country has the largest Roman Catholic population in the world. Adepts of Protestantism are rising in number. Until 1970, the majority of Brazilian Protestants were members of "traditional churches", mostly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists. Since then, numbers of Pentecostal and Neopentecostal members have increased significantly (although the number of Protestants is still dwarfed by the number of Catholics). Islam in Brazil was first practiced by African slaves. A recent trend has been the increase in conversions to Islam among non-Arab citizens. Around 1,950,000 Muslims live in Brazil as of 2007. The largest population of Buddhists in Latin America lives in Brazil, mostly because the country has the largest Japanese population outside Japan (around 2% of the population is of Japanese descent).

Sport

Football is the most popular sport in Brazil. The Brazilian national football team is currently ranked second in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings. They have been victorious in the World Cup tournament a record five times, in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002. Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Though not as regularly followed or practiced as the previously mentioned sports, tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. In auto racing, Brazilian drivers have won the Formula 1 world championship eight times: Emerson Fittipaldi (1972 and 1974), Nelson Piquet (1981, 1983 and 1987) and Ayrton Senna (1988, 1990 and 1991). The circuit located in São Paulo, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.

In basketball, Brazil’s men’s team has won the Basketball World Championship twice, in 1959 and 1963. The women’s team has won the FIBA World Championship for Women only once, in 1994. Currently though, both national teams have become less competitive; as of June, 2007, FIBA ranks the men's team 17th in the world and the women's team as 4th. volleyball, the country didn’t enjoy much success until the early 1990s, but as of 2006, Brazil’s men’s national team is on top of the FIVB rank, winning multiple titles. The women’s team also won several competitions and is currently ranked second in the world by FIVB. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil. Beach football, futsal (official version of indoor football) and footvolley emerged in the country as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians have developed Capoeira, Vale tudo, and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.

Cuisine

Brazilian cuisine is a mix of the cuisines of its inhabitants and immigrants: Native Americans, Portuguese, Africans, Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Syrians, Lebanese, and others. The country is divided into five main cuisine regions:

1. North (Picadinho de Jacaré, Tacacá, and Açaí)
2. Northeast (Vatapá, Moqueca, and Acarajé)
3. Central-West (Pamonha and Pequi)
4. Southeast (Feijoada)
5. South (Churrasco)

Other popular dishes include:

• Caipirinha
• Pão de Queijo
• Brigadeiro
• Pastel
• Tapioca

National holidays

Date	Name	Remarks
January 1	New Year's Day
moveable	Carnival	Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, although festivities begin on the preceding Friday.
moveable (44 days before Good Friday)	Ash Wednesday	Only the morning is considered a holiday.
moveable	Good Friday
moveable	Easter
April 22	Founding Day	Commemorates the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500.
moveable (62 days after Good Friday)	Corpus Christi
Second Sunday in May	Mother's Day
May 13	Emancipation Day	Commemorates the passage of the Golden Law, which ended Brazilian slavery, in 1888.
June 6	Emperor's Birthday
Second Sunday of August	Father's Day
August 25	Soldier's Day	Commemorates Brazilian war hero Luís Alves de Lima e Silva.
September 7	Independence Day
October 12	Our Lady of Aparecida	Also celebrated as Children's Day (Dia das Crianças) on the same date.
November 1	All Saints' Day
November 2	All Souls' Day
December 24	Christmas Eve
December 25	Christmas Day	Commemorates the birth of Christ.