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 [[Conscientious Personality Type]]
-[[Image:Noam chomsky.jpg|210px|thumb|right|Noam Chomsky.  Photo credit: John Soares.]]
-'''Avram Noam Chomsky''' (born [[December 7]], [[1928]]) is the [[Institute Professor]] [[Emeritus]] of [[linguistics]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].  Chomsky is credited with the creation of the theory of [[generative grammar]], often considered to be the most significant contribution to the field of [[theoretical linguistics]] in the 20th century.  He also helped spark the [[cognitive revolution]] in psychology through his review of [[B.F. Skinner]]'s ''Verbal Behavior'', which challenged the [[behaviorism|behaviorist]] approach to the study of mind and language dominant in the 1950s.  His naturalistic approach to the study of language has also affected the [[philosophy of language]] and [[philosophy of mind|mind]] (see [[Gilbert Harman|Harman]], [[Jerry Fodor|Fodor]]). He is also credited with the establishment of the so-called [[Chomsky hierarchy]], a classification of [[formal language]]s in terms of their generative power.
-Outside of academia, Chomsky is far more widely known for his political [[activism]], and for his [[critic]]ism of the [[Foreign relations of the United States|foreign policy]] of the [[Government of the United States|United States]] and other governments. Chomsky describes himself as a [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialist]] and a sympathizer of [[anarcho-syndicalism]] (he is a member of the [[IWW]]). He is generally considered to be a key [[intellectual]] figure within the [[left wing politics|left wing]] of the [[United States politics]].
-According to the [[Arts and Humanities Citation Index]], between 1980 and 1992 Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any other living scholar, and the eighth most cited scholar overall.
-==Biography==
-[[Image:Chomsky small child (fair-use).jpg|right|160px|thumb|Chomsky as a small child]]
-Chomsky was born in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], the son of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] scholar and [[IWW]] member [[William Chomsky]], who was from a town in [[Ukraine]]. His mother, Elsie Chomsky (née Simonofsky), came from what is now called [[Belarus]], but unlike her husband she grew up in the United States and spoke "ordinary [[New York-New Jersey English|New York English]]". Their first language was [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], but Chomsky says it was "taboo" in his family to speak it.  He describes his family as living in a sort of "Jewish [[ghetto]]", split into a "Yiddish side" and "Hebrew side", with his family aligning with the latter and bringing him up "immersed in Hebrew culture and literature."
-Chomsky remembers the first article he wrote was at the age of ten about the threat of the spread of [[fascism]], following the fall of Barcelona.  From the age of twelve or thirteen he identified more fully with anarchist politics.
-<!-- From personal interview with Amy Goodman for "Democracy Now!" 2000-11-26 -->
-Starting in 1945, he studied [[philosophy]] and [[linguistics]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], learning from philosophers [[C. West Churchman]] and [[Nelson Goodman]] and linguist [[Zellig Harris]]. Harris's teaching included his discovery of transformations as a [[linear transformation|mathematical analysis]] of language structure (mappings from one subset to another in the set of sentences). Chomsky subsequently reinterpreted these as operations on the productions of a [[context-free grammar]] (derived from [[Tag system|Post production systems]]).  Harris's political views were instrumental in shaping those of Chomsky.
-In 1949, Chomsky married linguist Carol Schatz. They have two daughters, Aviva (1957) and Diane (1960), and a son, Harry (1967).
-Chomsky received his [[doctorate|Ph.D.]] in linguistics from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1955.  He conducted much of his doctoral research during four years at [[Harvard University]] as a [[Harvard Junior Fellow]]. In his [[Doctor of Philosophy|doctoral thesis]], he began to develop some of his linguistic ideas, elaborating on them in his 1957 book ''[[Syntactic Structures]],'' perhaps his best-known work in the field of linguistics.
-[[Image:Chomsky young with parents (fair-use).jpg|right|thumb|160px|Young Chomsky with parents.]]
-Chomsky joined the staff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1955 and in 1961 was appointed full professor in the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics (now the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy.) From 1966 to 1976 he held the Ferrari P. Ward Professorship of Modern Languages and Linguistics. In 1976 he was appointed Institute Professor. Chomsky has been teaching at MIT continuously for the last 50 years.
-It was during this time that Chomsky became more publicly engaged in politics:  he became one of the leading opponents of the [[Vietnam War]] with the publication of his essay "The Responsibility of Intellectuals" [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/12172] in ''The New York Review of Books'' in 1967.  Since that time, Chomsky has become well known for his political views, speaking on politics all over the world, and writing numerous books.  His far-reaching criticism of US foreign policy and the legitimacy of US power has made him a controversial figure.  He has a devoted following among the [[left-wing politics|left]], but he has also come under increasing criticism from [[liberalism|liberals]] as well as from the [[right-wing politics|right]], particularly because of his response to the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].
-Chomsky has in the past been given various death threats because of his criticisms of U.S foreign policy. He was on a list created by [[Theodore Kaczynski]], better known as the Unabomber, of planned targets and during the period that Kaczynski was at large Chomsky had all of his mail checked for explosives. Chomsky also states that he frequently receives undercover police protection, in particular whilst on the MIT campus, though Chomsky himself states that he does not agree to the police protection. [http://www.cbc.ca/thehour/thehour_player.html?20060313-Activism_chomsky]
-Despite his criticisms, Chomsky has stated that he continues to reside in the United States because he believes it remains the greatest country in the world [http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0205/30/ltm.01.html][http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,1094708,00.html]
-=== Chomsky's name ===
-''Avram'' (אברם) is a Hebrew name (English: "Abram") short for Avraham, the name of the biblical forefather figure Avraham (English: "[[Abraham]]") (see Genesis 17:5) though, in fact, the Biblical Avraham's name was itself originally Avram (see Genesis 12:1), Avram it is nowadays just short for Avraham. ''[[Noam]]'' (נועם) is a Hebrew name which means "pleasantness" (male version of the female ''No'omi'' &mdash; English: "Naomi" or "Noemi").  ''Chomsky'' is the [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] name {{Unicode|Хомський}}, deriving from Ukrainian male name {{Unicode|Хома}}.  The original pronunciation is {{IPA2|avram noam 'xomskij}}.  This is Anglicized to {{IPA2|'ævɹæm 'nəʊm 'tʃɒm<sup>p</sup>ski}} {{Audio|En-GB-Noam Chomsky.ogg|listen}}, or {{IPA2|'ævɻæm 'noʊm 'tʃam<sup>p</sup>ski}} in an American accent, which is how Chomsky himself pronounces it {{Audio|En-US-Noam Chomsky.ogg|listen}}.
-The [[List of eponymous adjectives in English|eponymous adjective]] ''Chomskyan'' has come to be used to refer to his ideas, a term Chomsky has disparaged as making "no sense"
-<!--In e-mail to Wikipedia contributor; see [[Talk:Noam Chomsky/Comments from Chomsky]]-->
-and belonging "to the history of organized [[religion]]." The term is generally used in reference to his linguistic, rather than political, ideas.
-<!--In ''Understanding Power'' ISBN 0-099-46606-6, p. 227-->
-== Contributions to linguistics ==
-''Syntactic Structures'' was a distillation of his book '' [[Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory]]'' (1955, 75) in which he introduces [[transformational grammar]]s. The theory takes utterances (sequences of words) to have a syntax which can be (largely) characterised by a formal grammar; in particular, a [[Context-free grammar]] extended with transformational rules. Children are hypothesised to have an innate knowledge of the basic grammatical structure common to all human languages (i.e. they assume that any language which they encounter is of a certain restricted kind). This innate knowledge is often referred to as [[universal grammar]]. It is argued that modelling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the "productivity" of language: with a limited set of grammar rules and a finite set of terms, humans are able to produce an infinite number of sentences, including sentences no one has previously said.
-The Principles and Parameters approach (P&P) &mdash; developed in his Pisa 1979 Lectures, later published as ''Lectures on Government and Binding'' (LGB) &mdash; make strong claims regarding universal grammar: that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world's languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain (such as the [[pro-drop parameter]], which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in English, or can be optionally dropped, as in Spanish), which are often likened to switches. (Hence the term [[principles and parameters]], often given to this approach.) In this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary [[lexical]] items (words, grammatical [[morpheme]]s, and idioms), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples.
-Proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. The similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur (and, according to Chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language-specific, learning mechanism were being employed), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness.
-More recently, in his [[Minimalist Program]] (1995), while retaining the core concept of "principles and parameters", Chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the LGB model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasises principles of '''economy''' and '''optimal design''' , reverting to a [[derivational]] approach to generation, in contrast with the largely [[representational]] approach of classic '''P&P'''.
-Chomsky's ideas have had a strong influence on researchers investigating the [[Language acquisition|acquisition of language]] in [[child]]ren, though some researchers who work in this area today do not support Chomsky's theories, often advocating [[Emergence|emergentist]] or [[connectionist]] theories reducing language to an instance of general processing mechanisms in the brain.
-=== Generative grammar ===
-The Chomskyan approach towards [[syntax]], often termed [[generative grammar]], though quite popular, has been challenged by many, especially those working outside the United States. Chomskyan syntactic analyses are often highly abstract, and are based heavily on careful investigation of the border between grammatical and ungrammatical constructs in a language. (Compare this to the so-called [[pathological (mathematics)|pathological cases]] that play a similarly important role in mathematics.) Such grammaticality judgments can only be made accurately by a [[native speaker]], however, and thus for pragmatic reasons such linguists often focus on their own native languages or languages in which they are fluent, usually Spanish, English, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Japanese or one of the Chinese languages.  However, as Chomsky has said:
-:The first application of the approach was to [[Modern Hebrew]], a fairly detailed effort in 1949&ndash;50. The second was to the native American language [[Hidatsa]] (the first full-scale generative grammar), mid-50s. The third was to [[Turkish language|Turkish]], our first Ph.D. dissertation, early 60s. After that research on a wide variety of languages took off. MIT in fact became the international center of work on [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] languages within a generative framework [...] thanks to the work of [[Kenneth L. Hale|Ken Hale]], who also initiated some of the most far-reaching work on Native American languages, also within our program; in fact the first program that brought native speakers to the university to become trained professional linguists, so that they could do work on their own languages, in far greater depth than had ever been done before. That has continued. Since that time, particularly since the 1980s, it constitutes the vast bulk of work on the widest typological variety of languages. <!-- from [[Talk:Noam Chomsky/Comments from Chomsky]]-->
-Sometimes generative grammar analyses break down when applied to languages which have not previously been studied, and many changes in generative grammar have occurred due to an increase in the number of languages analyzed. It is claimed that [[linguistic universals]] in semantics have become stronger rather than weaker over time. Linguistic universal in syntax, which is the core of Chomsky's claim is still highly disputed.  Still, Richard Kayne's suggested in the 1990s that all languages have an underlying Subject-Verb-Object word order. One of the prime motivations behind an alternative approach, the [[functional-typological approach]] or [[linguistic typology]] (often associated with [[Joseph Greenberg]]), is to base hypotheses of linguistic universals on the study of as wide a variety of the world's languages as possible, to classify the variation seen, and to form theories based on the results of this classification. The Chomskyan approach is too in-depth and reliant on native speaker knowledge to follow this method, though it has over time been applied to a broad range of languages.
-=== Chomsky hierarchy ===
-Chomsky is famous for investigating various kinds of [[formal language]]s and whether or not they might be capable of capturing key properties of human language. His [[Chomsky hierarchy]] partitions [[formal grammar]]s into classes, or groups, with increasing expressive power, i.e., each successive class can generate a broader set of formal languages than the one before. Interestingly, Chomsky argues that modelling some aspects of human language requires a more complex formal grammar (as measured by the Chomsky hierarchy) than modeling others. For example, while a [[regular language]] is powerful enough to model English [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]], it is not powerful enough to model English [[syntax]]. In addition to being relevant in linguistics, the Chomsky hierarchy has also become important in [[computer science]] (especially in [[compiler]] construction and [[automata theory]]).
-His best-known work in [[phonology]] is ''[[The Sound Pattern of English]]'', written with [[Morris Halle]].  This work is considered outdated (though it has recently been reprinted), and Chomsky does not publish on phonology anymore.
-== Contributions to psychology ==
-Chomsky's work in linguistics has had major implications for modern [[psychology]]. For Chomsky linguistics is a branch of [[cognitive psychology]]; genuine insights in linguistics imply concomitant understandings of aspects of mental processing and human nature.  His theory of a [[universal grammar]] was seen by many as a direct challenge to the established [[behaviorist]] theories of the time and had major consequences for understanding how [[language]] is learned by children and what, exactly, is the ability to use language. Many of the more basic principles of this theory (though not necessarily the stronger claims made by the [[principles and parameters]] approach described above) are now generally accepted in some circles.
-In 1959, Chomsky published an influential critique of [[B.F. Skinner|B.F. Skinner's]] ''[[Verbal Behavior]]'', a book in which Skinner offered a speculative explanation of language in behavioral terms.  "Verbal behavior" he defined as learned behavior which has its characteristic consequences being delivered through the learned behavior of others; this makes for a view of communicative behaviors much larger than that usually addressed by linguists. Skinner's approach focused on the circumstances in which language was used; for example, asking for water was functionally a different response than labeling something as water, responding to someone asking for water, etc. These functionally different kinds of responses, which required in turn separate explanations, sharply contrasted both with traditional notions of language and Chomsky's psycholinguistic approach. Chomsky thought that a functionalist explanation restricting itself to questions of communicative performance  ignored important questions. Accordingly, "If we hope to understand human language and the psychological capacities on which it rests, we must first ask what it is, not how or for what purposes it is used." (Chomsky-Language and Mind, 1968) He focused on questions concerning the operation and development of innate structures for syntax capable of creatively organizing, cohering, adapting and combining words and phrases into intelligible utterances.
-In the review Chomsky emphasized that the scientific application of behavioral principles from animal research is severely lacking in explanatory adequacy and is furthermore particularly superficial as an account of human verbal behavior because a theory restricting itself to external conditions, to "what is learned", cannot adequately account for generative grammar. Chomsky raised the examples of rapid language acquisition of children, including their quickly developing ability to form grammatical sentences, and the universally creative language use of competent native speakers to highlight the ways in which Skinner's view exemplified underdetermination of theory by evidence. He argued that to understand human verbal behavior such as the creative aspects of language use and language development, one must first postulate a genetic linguistic endowment. The assumption that important aspects of language are the product of universal innate ability runs counter to Skinner's radical behaviorism.
-Chomsky's 1959 review has drawn fire from a number of critics, the most famous criticism being that of [[Kenneth MacCorquodale]]'s 1970 paper ''On Chomsky’s Review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior'' (''[[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]]'', volume 13, pages 83-99).  This and similar critiques have raised certain points not generally acknowledged outside of behavioral psychology, such as the claim that Chomsky did not possess an adequate understanding of either behavioral psychology in general, or the differences between Skinner's  behaviorism and other varieties; consequently, it is argued that he made several serious errors.  On account of these perceived problems, the critics maintain that the review failed to demonstrate what it has often been cited as doing. As such, it is averred that those most influenced by Chomsky's paper probably either already substantially agreed with Chomsky or never actually read it. Chomsky has maintained that the review was directed at the way Skinner's variant of behavioral psychology "was being used in Quinean empiricism and`naturalization of philosophy." (quoted in Barsky- Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent [http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/3/2.html]).
-It has been claimed that Chomsky's critique of Skinner's methodology and basic assumptions paved the way for the "[[cognitive revolution]]," the shift in American psychology between the 1950s through the 1970s from being primarily behavioral to being primarily cognitive.  In his 1966 ''[[Cartesian Linguistics]]'' and subsequent works, Chomsky laid out an explanation of human language faculties that has become the model for investigation in some areas of psychology.  Much of the present conception of how the mind works draws directly from ideas that found their first persuasive author of modern times in Chomsky.
-There are three key ideas.  First is that the mind is "cognitive," or that the mind actually contains mental states, beliefs, doubts, and so on.  Second, he argued that most of the important properties of language and mind are innate. The acquisition and development of a language is a result of the unfolding of innate propensitites triggered by the experiential input of the external environment. Subsequent psychologists have extended this general "nativist" thesis beyond language. Lastly, Chomsky made the concept of "[[Modularity of Mind|modularity]]" a critical feature of the mind's cognitive architecture. The mind is composed of an array of interacting, specialized subsystems with limited flows of inter-communication.  This model contrasts sharply with the old idea that any piece of information in the mind could be accessed by any other cognitive process (optical illusions, for example, cannot be "turned off" even when they are known to be illusions).
-== Opinion on criticism of science culture ==
-Chomsky strongly disagrees with [[poststructuralism|poststructuralist]] and [[postmodernism|postmodern]] criticisms of science:
-: I have spent a lot of my life working on questions such as these, using the only methods I know of; those condemned here as "science," "rationality," "logic," and so on. I therefore read the papers with some hope that they would help me "transcend" these limitations, or perhaps suggest an entirely different course. I'm afraid I was disappointed. Admittedly, that may be my own limitation. Quite regularly, "my eyes glaze over" when I read polysyllabic discourse on the themes of poststructuralism and postmodernism; what I understand is largely truism or error, but that is only a fraction of the total [[word count]]. True, there are lots of other things I don't understand: the articles in the current issues of math and physics journals, for example. But there is a difference. In the latter case, I know how to get to understand them, and have done so, in cases of particular interest to me; and I also know that people in these fields can explain the contents to me at my level, so that I can gain what (partial) understanding I may want. In contrast, no one seems to be able to explain to me why the latest post-this-and-that is (for the most part) other than truism, error, or gibberish, and I do not know how to proceed.
-Chomsky has also commented on critiques of "white male science", stating that they are much like the [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] and politically motivated attacks against "Jewish physics" used by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] to denigrate research done by Jewish scientists during the ''[[Deutsche Physik]]'' movement:
-: In fact, the entire idea of "white male science" reminds me, I'm afraid, of "Jewish physics." Perhaps it is another inadequacy of mine, but when I read a scientific paper, I can't tell whether the author is white or is male. The same is true of discussion of work in class, the office, or somewhere else. I rather doubt that the non-white, non-male students, friends, and colleagues with whom I work would be much impressed with the doctrine that their thinking and understanding differ from "white male science" because of their "culture or gender and race." I suspect that "surprise" would not be quite the proper word for their reaction. [http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/95-science.html]
-== Chomsky's influence in other fields ==
-'''Chomskyan''' models have been used as a theoretical basis in several other fields. The [[Chomsky hierarchy]] is often taught in fundamental [[computer science]] courses as it confers insight into the various types of [[formal language]]s.  This hierarchy can also be discussed in mathematical terms [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Grammar.html], and has generated interest among mathematicians, particularly [[combinatorics|combinatorialists]].  A number of arguments in [[evolutionary psychology]] are derived from his research results.
-The 1984 Nobel Prize laureate in Medicine and Physiology, [[Niels Kaj Jerne|Niels K. Jerne]], used Chomsky's generative model to explain the human immune system, equating "components of a generative grammar ... with various features of
-protein structures".  The title of Jerne's Stockholm Nobel lecture was "The Generative Grammar of the Immune System."
-[[Nim Chimpsky]], a chimpanzee who according to some researchers learned 125 signs in [[American Sign Language|ASL]], was named after Noam Chomsky.
-== Political views ==
-{{Main|Politics of Noam Chomsky}}
-Noam Chomsky has been engaged in political activism all of his adult life and expressed a wide range of opinions on politics and world events which are widely cited, publicized and discussed.  Some highlights are:
-* Finds "[[terrorism]]" to be an easy label for use by governments which fail to acknowledge their own terrorist activities.
-* Holds a wide range of various criticisms of the [[U.S. government]], opinions that are sometimes considered unpopular.
-* Holds a self-described [[libertarian socialist]] or [[anarcho-syndicalist]] worldview, and is highly critical of [[Leninist]] branches of socialism.
-* Holds views that can be summarized as [[anti-war]]: Anti-[[Vietnam War]] and against most other US conflicts of his lifetime.
-* Has a classical liberal view of broad free-speech rights, especially in the [[mass media]] — that is, he opposes [[censorship]] of views he finds repugnant.
-* Holds a notion of [[Zionism]], but has broad criticism of [[Israel]]'s policy towards [[Palestinians]].
-Chomsky has a broad range of criticisms of other aspects of the U.S. government, society and the mass media.  He has had many intellectual engagements with his peers in academia.  In both his academic and political writings and speech, he has enjoyed a wide audience throughout much of the world.
-== Criticism of Noam Chomsky ==
-{{Main|Criticism of Noam Chomsky}}
-Due to the controversial nature of his writings and beliefs, Chomsky has acquired many critics from both the right and left ends of the political spectrum. Among his most controversial stances was that in the [[Faurisson affair]], in addition to charges of [[Khmer Rouge]] apologism, and [[anti-Semitism]]. His contributions to linguistics, though regarded as significant, have generated widespread controversy. Many current linguists have offered alternative systems of linguistic analysis which they claim contain more sound methodologies than those put forth by Chomsky.
-== Academic achievements, awards and honors ==
-According to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, between 1980 and 1992 Chomsky was cited as a source more often than any living scholar, and the eighth most cited source overall.
-In the spring of 1969 he delivered the [[John Locke]] Lectures at [[Oxford University]]; in January 1970 he delivered the [[Bertrand Russell]] Memorial Lecture at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]]; in 1972, the [[Nehru]] Memorial Lecture in [[New Delhi]], in 1977, the Huizinga Lecture in [[Leiden]], in 1997, The Davie Memorial Lecture on Academic Freedom in [[Cape Town]], among many others.
-Noam Chomsky has received many honorary degrees from the most prestigious universities around the world, including the following: University of London, University of Chicago, Loyola University of Chicago, Swarthmore College, Delhi University, Bard College, University of Massachusetts, University of Pennsylvania, Georgetown University, Amherst College, Cambridge University, University of Buenos Aires, McGill University, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Columbia University, University of Connecticut, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, University of Western Ontario, University of Toronto, Harvard University, University of Calcutta, and Universidad Nacional De Colombia.  He is a Fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Science]]. In addition, he is a member of other professional and learned societies in the United States and abroad, and is a recipient of the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award of the [[American Psychological Association]], the Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences, the Helmholtz Medal, the Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award, the Ben Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science, and others. He is twice winner of The [[Orwell Award]], granted by The National Council of Teachers of English for "Distinguished Contributions to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language." [http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/biography/noambio.html]
-Chomsky was voted the leading living [[public intellectual]] in [[The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll]] conducted by the British magazine [[Prospect (magazine)|''Prospect'']].  He reacted coolly, saying "I don't pay a lot of attention to polls." [http://www.breitbart.com/news/2005/10/18/051018152652.77esbn1j.html]
-== Bibliography ==
-=== Linguistics ===
-See a full bibliography on Chomsky's MIT homepage [http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/bibliography/noam.html].
-* Chomsky (1951). ''Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew.'' Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania.
-* Chomsky (1955). ''Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory''.
-* Chomsky (1955). ''Transformational Analysis.'' Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
-* Chomsky, Noam, Morris Halle, and Fred Lukoff (1956). "On accent and juncture in English." In ''For Roman Jakobson''. The Hague: Mouton
-* Chomsky (1957). ''[[Syntactic Structures]]''. The Hague: Mouton. Reprint. Berlin and New York (1985).
-* Chomsky (1964). ''Current Issues in Linguistic Theory''.
-* Chomsky (1965). ''Aspects of the Theory of Syntax''. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
-* Chomsky (1965). ''Cartesian Linguistics''. New York: Harper and Row. Reprint. Cartesian Linguistics. A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986.
-* Chomsky (1966). ''Topics in the Theory of Generative Grammar''.
-* Chomsky, Noam, and Morris Halle (1968). ''[[The Sound Pattern of English]]''. New York: Harper & Row.
-* Chomsky (1968). ''Language and Mind''.
-* Chomsky (1972). ''Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar''.
-* Chomsky (1975). ''The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory''.
-* Chomsky (1975). ''Reflections on Language''.
-* Chomsky (1977). ''Essays on Form and Interpretation''.
-* Chomsky (1979). ''Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew''.
-* Chomsky (1980). ''Rules and Representations''.
-* Chomsky (1981). ''Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures''. Holland: Foris Publications. Reprint. 7th Edition. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993.
-* Chomsky (1982). ''Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding''.
-* Chomsky (1982). ''Language and the Study of Mind''.
-* Chomsky (1982). ''Noam Chomsky on The Generative Enterprise, A discussion with Riny Hyybregts and Henk van Riemsdijk''.
-* Chomsky (1984). ''Modular Approaches to the Study of the Mind''.
-* Chomsky (1986). ''Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use''.
-* Chomsky (1986). ''Barriers. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Thirteen''. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press.
-* Chomsky (1993). ''Language and Thought''.
-* Chomsky (1995). ''The Minimalist Program''. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
-* Chomsky (1998). ''On Language''.
-* Chomsky (2000). ''New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind''.
-* Chomsky (2000). ''The Architecture of Language'' (Mukherji, et al, eds.).
-* Chomsky (2001). ''On Nature and Language'' (Adriana Belletti and Luigi Rizzi, ed.).
-===Computer science===
-* Chomsky (1956). ''Three models for the description of language.'' I.R.E. Transactions on Information Theory, vol. IT-2, no. 3: 113-24.
-===Politics===
-*(1969). American Power and the New Mandarins
-*(1970). "Notes on Anarchism," New York Review of Books
-*(1970). At war with Asia
-*(1970). Two essays on Cambodia
-*(1971). Chomsky: selected readings
-*(1971). Problems of knowledge and freedom
-*(1973). For reasons of state
-*(1974). Peace in the Middle East? Reflections on justice and nationhood
-*(1976). Intellectuals and the state
-*(1978). Human Rights and American Foreign Policy
-*(1979). With Edward Herman, After the cataclysm: postwar Indochina and the reconstruction of imperial ideology
-*(1979). Language and responsibility
-*(1979). With Edward Herman, The Washington connection and Third World fascism
-*(1981). Radical priorities
-*(1982). Superpowers in collision: the cold war now
-*(1982). Towards a new cold war: essays on the current crisis and how we got there
-*(1983). The fateful triangle: the United States, Israel, and the Palestinians
-*(1985). Turning the tide : U.S. intervention in Central America and the struggle for peace
-*(1986). Pirates & emperors: international terrorism in the real world
-*(1986). The race to destruction: its rational basis
-*(1987). The Chomsky reader
-*(1987). On Power and Ideology
-*(1987). Turning the tide: the U.S. and Latin America
-*(1988). The Culture of Terrorism
-*(1988). Language and Politics
-*(1988). With Edward Herman, Manufacturing consent: the political economy of the mass media
-*(1989). Necessary Illusions
-*(1991). Terrorizing the Neighborhood
-*(1992). What Uncle Sam really wants
-*(1992). Chronicles of dissent
-*(1992). Deterring democracy
-*(1993). Letters from Lexington: reflections on propaganda
-*(1993). The prosperous few and the restless many
-*(1993). Rethinking Camelot: JFK, the Vietnam War, and U.S. political culture
-*(1993). World order and its rules: variations on some themes
-*(1993). Year 501: the conquest continues
-*(1994). Keeping the rabble in line
-*(1994). Secrets, lies, and democracy
-*(1994). World orders, old and new
-*(1995). Secrets, lies, and democracy
-*(1996). Powers and prospects: reflections on human nature and the social order
-*(1996). Class warfare
-*(1997). Media control: the spectacular achievements of propaganda
-*(1997). One chapter, The Cold War and the University
-*(1998). The Culture of Terrorism
-*(1999). The new military humanism: lesssons from Kosovo
-*(1999). Profits over people
-*(1999). The fateful triangle
-*(2000). Rogue States
-*(2001). Propaganda and the public mind
-*(2001). ''9-11''
-*(2002). Understanding Power: the indispensable Noam Chomsky
-*(2002). Media control
-*(2003). Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
-*(2005). Chomsky on anarchism
-*(2006). ''Failed States : The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy''
-==Filmography==
-* [[Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media]] (1992)
-*''Distorted Morality &mdash; America's War On Terror?'', Director: John Junkermann, Japan 2003
-*''Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause'' (TV), Director: Will Pascoe, 2003
-* [[The Corporation]] Director: Jennifer Abbott and Mark Achbar (2003)
-==See also==
-{{sisterlinks|Noam Chomsky}}
-* [[Language acquisition]]
-* [[Chomskybot]]
-* [[Chomsky hierarchy]]
-* [[List of important publications in computer science#Computability|Important publications in computability]]
-* "[[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously]]."
-* [[Intellectual worker]]
-* [[Nim Chimpsky]]
-* [[Chomsky torrents]]
-* [[Propaganda model]]
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.chomsky.info/ Official website]
-* [http://forum.zmag.org/search?str=replies%20AND%20nc&offset=0&confs=5&detail=0&sort=1&fromdate=&todate= Latest ZNet forum replies] (you might need to [http://forum.zmag.org/~ZNetCmt log in as a guest] first.)
-* [http://blog.zmag.org/bloggers/?blogger=chomsky Official weblog] (subset of forum replies)
-* [http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/chomsky.home.html MIT homepage]
-* {{imdb name|id=0159008|name=Noam Chomsky}}
-* [http://www.cosmoetica.com/B350-DES289.htm DVD Review Of ''Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without A Pause'']
-* {{nndb name|id=590/000022524|name=Noam Chomsky}}
-* [http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/ ZNet: Noam Chomsky Archive]
-* [http://www.radio4all.net/index.php?op=search&nav=&session=&searchtext=chomsky A-Infos Radio Project: Talks by Noam Chomsky] ([[MP3]])
-* [http://www.chomskytorrents.org Chomsky Torrents] &mdash; video and audio ([[BitTorrent]])
-* [http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=chomsky Internet Archive Chomsky media files]
-* [http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featchomsky_63.htm Example of Chomsky's views on the Free Market]
-* [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con1.html Conversation with Noam Chomsky]
-[[Category:Noam Chomsky|*]]
-[[Category:1928 births|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Living people|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:People from Philadelphia|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:20th century philosophers|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:American linguists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Philosophers of mind|Chomksy, Noam]]
-[[Category:Cognitive scientists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Syntacticians|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Atheist philosophers|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Anti-Vietnam War|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Anti-war activists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Jewish American writers|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Jewish scientists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Jewish anarchists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:American anarchists|Chomsky, Noam]]
-[[Category:G7 Welcoming Committee Records|Chomsky, Noam]]
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@@ Line 320: / Line 6: @@
 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky Noam Chomsky - Wikipedia]
-----
-This article is licensed under the [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html GNU Free Documentation License]. It uses material from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization Wikipedia article "Categorization"]. <br><br> Wikipedia license and attribution

Noam Chomsky

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