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==MI Summary==
====Full story: [[IBM Transforms Wasted Chips into Solar Cells (30-Oct-07)]]==== <!-- COPY THE PAGE NAME (including the date) INTO THE CENTRE OF THE SQUARE BRACKETS-->
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==Text of Article==
IBM's new breakthrough recycling process, promising to turn semiconductor byproduct into the raw material for silicon-constrained solar panel production, is a shining example of a waste-to-energy success. 

Typically, each of the 3 million semiconductor wafers IBM discards each year contains some portion of IBM's chip designs. Since these chips could fall into the hands of IBM's competitors if simply discarded, they are usually shipped to Earth-clogging landfills. 

However, soaring energy prices and environmental concerns are becoming routine triggers of outside-the-box thinking all across the Silicon Valley and at IBM. 

The company's new eco-friendly reprocessing scheme, devised at IBM's Burlington, VT semiconductor manufacturing center is set to break the waste cycle by repurposing the wasted wafers as raw materials for photovoltaic cells. The company says that its revolutionary reclamation process "reduces the amount of energy required for production, lowers the level of greenhouse gases emitted and provides energy savings by creating the raw materials needed for solar power". IBM says that the recovery project resulted in lowering the input cost for monitor wafer production, while boosting to the program's overall efficiency. 

The company's innovative green thinking did not go unnoticed. IBM's wafer recycling program earned the PC maker the "2007 Most Valuable Pollution Prevention Award" from The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. 

* Source: [http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2704,2209809,00.asp PC Magazine] <!-- COPY THE URL OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE, THEN ONE SPACE, THEN THE NAME OF THE SOURCE e.g. The Times -->

==Text of Article==
====Trashed Silicon Wafers Find a Place in the Sun (30-Oct-07)====
'''Every year, the makers of semiconductors throw out about 3 million silicon wafers. Now, IBM has found a way to strip off the imprinted circuitry and salvage the silicon, which is then sold to the solar power industry for use in photovoltaic cells. The process diverts material from landfills and offers solar cell makers energy savings of up to 90 percent.'''

On the heels of Intel's (Nasdaq: INTC)   launch of an environmentally friendly new chip fabrication plant in Arizona, IBM (NYSE: IBM)  is showing it, too, knows how to be green. The company announced a new silicon reclamation process that won a recent pollution prevention award.

The new process, in operation at IBM's Burlington, Vt., manufacturing facility, uses a "specialized pattern removal technique" to salvage semiconductor wafers, the silicon disks used to create processors.

The process results in recycled silicon wafers that can be used to create raw material for the growing solar panel industry, which uses them to make photovoltaic cells. 

'''Discarded Wafers'''

There are about a quarter-million silicon wafers "started" each day globally. Of those, 3.3 percent are scrapped for various reasons, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.

"In the course of the year, this amounts to approximately 3 million discarded wafers," said IBM.

Before the scrap wafers are sold to solar panel fabricators they are used as "monitor" wafers for equipment calibration and testing, said the company. When repeated reuse of the wafers makes them too thin for use as monitor wafers, they can then be sold to the solar panel industry.

In addition to saving landfill space, the silicon recycling program saves energy, noted IBM. The solar panel makers can see energy reductions of up to 90 percent by using reclaimed silicon, IBM said.

"These estimated energy savings translate into an overall reduction of the carbon footprint -- the measure of the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product or service -- for both the semiconductor and solar industries," said a statement announcing the initiative. 

'''Erasing the Fingerprints'''

A big hurdle facing wafer recycling efforts was finding a way to efficiently erase from the silicon the imprinted circuitry, described by IBM as "intellectual property" that companies such as itself want to protect.

IBM's new reclamation process enables a more cost-effective and complete method of erasing the intellectual property from the wafers, the company said.

IBM plans to share details of the process with others in the industry who want to recycle their silicon and is in the process of implementing the procedure at its East Fishkill, N.Y,. semiconductor fab.

The process is one that should make accountants as happy as the environmentalists. IBM said it resulted in savings in 2006 of more than half-million dollars at the Burlington site. "The projected ongoing annual savings for 2007 is nearly $1.5 million and the one-time savings for reclaiming stockpiled wafers is estimated to be more than $1.5 million," said the company. 

'''Preventing a Solar Slowdown'''

The silicon remanufacturing technology will also go a long way toward preventing a slowdown in the solar energy industry, a situation that could occur if silicon supply gets tighter.

A severe shortage of silicon in the world "threatens to stall" the solar energy industry's growth, said Charles Bai, chief financial officer of Chinese solar energy company ReneSola.

"This is why we have turned to reclaimed silicon materials sourced primarily from the semiconductor industry to supply the raw material our company needs to manufacture solar panels," said Bai. 

'''The Good Fight'''

When Intel recently turned the key on a new chip fabrication plant in Arizona, it stressed the environmental protections that are in place at the facility. Environmental enlightenment seems to have arrived for the tech industry, Enderle Group Principal Analyst Rob Enderle said.

"Right now, there is a race between the major technology manufacturers to see who can be the most green," Enderle told TechNewsWorld. "This effort to reuse silicon wafers for the solar industry is almost a perfect example of how creative these firms are becoming."

While the Intel plant goes to great lengths to conserve and recycle water, a precious commodity in the Southwest, IBM's effort is geared toward reducing solid waste and conserving manufacturing energy.

"In this instance IBM gets double credit because they not only reuse something that otherwise might go into landfills but it gets used for solar panels which reduce greenhouse gas emissions," said Enderle. "This is one of those competitions that we can all get behind because, regardless of which company wins, we all win." 

* Source: [http://www.technewsworld.com/story/hardware/60065.html Tech News World] <!-- COPY THE URL OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE, THEN ONE SPACE, THEN THE NAME OF THE SOURCE e.g. The Times -->

==Text of Article==
'''IBM to Recycle Silicon Wafers for Solar Cells'''

By Timothy Prickett Morgan

IBM is probably best known for its enterprise-class servers and related systems software, but the company is obviously a pretty big player in the chip industry with its various Power and PowerPC chips. IBM's techies in Burlington, Vermont, where IBM still makes a lot of chips, have been scratching their heads about what to do with defective silicon wafers, which are the inevitable result of any chip-making process, and have come up with a novel idea: recycle them for use in solar cells. 

An engineer named Eric White from the Burlington factory, which is located there because the Watson family that ran IBM for the better part of 60 years liked to ski, has created a means to polish all of the semiconductor etchings that turn a silicon wafer into a microprocessor (or any other kind of chip such as memory) off the wafer, thus turning it back into a raw piece of polysilicon material. Once the wafer is cleaned, IBM can use it to calibrate its machinery as it does its chip-making runs--this is called a monitor wafer--and after it gets a little worn out from use, then IBM can sell it to the burgeoning solar power industry, which is eagerly looking for raw silicon material from which it can make solar cells. 

These wafers are usually cast off into landfills--which is something of a creepy thought, but this is the modern industrial economy's way of handling waste. The IBM method means this silicon resource, which is very expensive to produce, can be recycled for other uses. IBM estimates that the global chip industry produces approximately 3 million scrap silicon wafers a year, which would be sufficient to create a solar farm that could generate 13.5 megawatts of electricity. That works out to 57 million kilowatt-hours of juice per year, which is enough to power 6,000 Western-style homes at 9,500 kilowatt-hours per home per year. The shocking thing, of course, is how few homes that amount of electricity powers. Why someone didn't think to do this 30 years ago is also a bit of a shame, but progress is progress and IBM is to be commended for coming up with the scheme to recycle its silicon. 

The Semiconductor Industry Association says that around 250,000 silicon wafers are started each day in the world, and IBM estimates that about 3.3 percent of the wafers are scrapped. By recycling those scrapped wafers at the Burlington facility as monitor wafers, IBM saved more than $500,000 in 2006 and is projected to save $1.5 million in 2007 and that much each year going forward. IBM did not say how much money it could make selling the second-hand wafers. And by using recycled silicon, solar cell manufacturers can save between 30 percent and 90 percent of the energy they normally expend creating solar cells, those lowering the carbon footprint of their products. 

Because Big Blue now has gone green, it plans to share the methodology behind the wafer scrubbing with the rest of the silicon industry. 

*Source: Computergram (1-Nov-07)

==Text of Article==
====IBM Turning Silicon Waste into Solar Panels (30-Oct-07)====
'''By using reclaimed silicon, solar cell manufacturers can save between 30% and 90% of the energy they would have expended using new silicon materials, IBM said.'''


IBM (NYSE: IBM) says it's found an earth-friendly way to recycle the silicon wafers used in its computer chip manufacturing operations -- it's helping to turn them into solar panels. 
To recycle the wafers, IBM is using a process that removes transistor patterns embedded in them. The patterns usually prevent silicon wafers from being reused along with other silicon products because they represent closely guarded intellectual property. 

As a result, the tech industry discards about three million silicon wafers per year, IBM estimated. 

With the patterns removed, IBM can safely sell its used silicon wafers from its Burlington, Vt., plant to manufacturers that can turn them into solar cells or panels. IBM said it's also implementing the process at a plant in East Fishkill, N.Y. 

The company said it plans to share details of the pattern removal process with other chip makers. The process was recently awarded the "Most Valuable Pollution Prevention Award" for 2007 from the environmental group The National Pollution Prevention Roundtable. 

The program benefits the environment in two ways -- less waste is ending up in landfills, and the redirected silicon is helping to alleviate a materials shortage that is constraining the use of energy-saving solar cells. 

"One of the challenges facing the solar industry is a severe shortage of silicon, which threatens to stall its rapid growth," said Charles Bai, chief financial officer at ReneSola, in a statement. ReneSola is one of China's fastest growing solar energy companies. 

By using reclaimed silicon, solar cell manufacturers can save anywhere from between 30% and 90% of the energy they would have expended using new silicon materials, IBM said. 

With the private sector facing increased calls for more eco-friendly business practices, a number of other tech manufacturers are stepping up their environmental programs. 

Dell (Dell), for instance, recently unveiled a program under which it will handle PC recycling for small businesses for a nominal fee. 

* Source: [http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202800164&subSection=All+Stories Information Week] <!-- COPY THE URL OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE, THEN ONE SPACE, THEN THE NAME OF THE SOURCE e.g. The Times -->
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[[Category:Written Sep-07]] 

[[Category:Copied 2007 week 42]]

[[Category:For November 2007 newsletter]] 

[[Category:Not yet summarised by MI for the November newsletter]]